The human skin microbiome

Ladizinski, Barry; McLean, Riley; Lee, Kachiu C.; Elpern, David J.; Eron, Lawrence J.

doi:10.1111/ijd.12609

Cited by 25 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 7 publications

(13 reference statements)

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“…Our data determined that Corynebacterium was the most dominant genus within the device and contralateral intact thigh skin and varied little over time. This is not surprising, as Corynebacterium has been reported to be the most abundant genus in the anterior thigh region in the human skin microbiome . From the human microbiome project, it is now understood that microbial ecologies or compositions are specific to physiological characteristics of the sampled skin regions (i.e., moist, dry or oily regions).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…It is also known that the communities of bacteria colonizing the skin modulate inflammatory responses in skin wounds, and therefore, would critically affect innate immune function in the stoma . One might argue that some beneficial microorganisms function not only as a competitive or biological barrier to invading pathogens, but could also beneficially modulate local inflammatory responses, protecting the stomal site. Thus, early microbial colonization with specifically beneficial bacteria or beneficial permutations or combinations of bacteria might serve multiple protective functions at the stomata .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of the Stomal Microbiota of a Percutaneous Osseointegrated Prosthesis: A Longitudinal Prospective Cohort Study

Beck

Grogan

Bennett

et al. 2019

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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Percutaneous osseointegrated (OI) prostheses (POPs) are used to skeletally attach artificial limbs in amputees. While any permanent percutaneous interface is at risk of becoming infected by the resident microbiota colonizing the stoma, most of these patients remain infection-free. Avoidance of infection likely depends upon a mechanically and/or biologically stable skin-to-implant interface. The ultimate question remains, "why do some stomata become infected while others do not?" The answer might be found in the dynamic bacterial communities of the patient and within the stomal site itself. This study is an appendix to the first Food and Drug Administration approved prospective early feasibility study of OI prosthetic docking, in which, 10 transfemoral amputees were implanted with a unique POP device. In this analytical, longitudinal cohort study, each patient's skin and stomal microbiota were analyzed from the initial surgery to 1 year following the second-stage surgery. During each follow-up visit, three swab samples-stomal, device thigh skin and contralateral thigh skin-were obtained. DNA was extracted, and bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes were amplified and sequenced to profile microbial communities. The stomal microbiota were distinct from the microbiota on the adjacent thigh skin and the skin of the contralateral thigh, with a significantly increased abundance of Staphylococcus aureus within the stoma. Early on stomal microbiota were characterized by high diversity and high relative abundance of obligate anaerobes. Over time, the stomal microbiota shifted and stabilized in communities of lower diversity dominated by Streptococcus, Corynebacterium, and/or Staphylococcus spp.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the Stomal Microbiota of a Percutaneous Osseointegrated Prosthesis: A Longitudinal Prospective Cohort Study

Beck

Grogan

Bennett

et al. 2019

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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“…[3,9,10]. Its rather stable colonization reaches high levels in oily skin sites (10 4 to 10 7 cm À2 ).…”

Section: Sebum Squalene and Skin Floramentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sebum fuels a resident lipophilic skin flora (bacteria and yeasts), usually referred as a triad, mainly comprising Propionibacteria, Staphylococci and Malassezia spp. [3,9,10]. Its rather stable colonization reaches high levels in oily skin sites (10 4 to 10 7 cm À2 ).…”

Section: Sebum Squalene and Skin Floramentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxidization of squalene, a human skin lipid: a new and reliable marker of environmental pollution studies

Pham

Boussouira

Moyal

et al. 2015

Intern J of Cosmetic Sci

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Synopsis A review of the oxidization of squalene, a specific human compound produced by the sebaceous gland, is proposed. Such chemical transformation induces important consequences at various levels. Squalene by‐products, mostly under peroxidized forms, lead to comedogenesis, contribute to the development of inflammatory acne and possibly modify the skin relief (wrinkling). Experimental conditions of oxidation and/or photo‐oxidation mechanisms are exposed, suggesting that they could possibly be bio‐markers of atmospheric pollution upon skin. Ozone, long UVA rays, cigarette smoke… are shown powerful oxidizing agents of squalene. Some in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo testings are proposed as examples, aiming at studying ingredients or products capable of boosting or counteracting such chemical changes that, globally, bring adverse effects to various cutaneous compartments.

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“…But, P. acnes is not only one of the main acne triggers, it is also a commensal bacterium inhabiting the sebaceous follicle. As such, it plays a physiological role in inhibiting the invasion of pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ) and S. pyogenes in making the skin inhospitable for these pathogens such as S. aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes while allowing other commensal Staphylococci strains such as S. epidermis to grow . P. acnes maintains the natural pH in the skin and that of the sebaceous glands by hydrolyzing triglycerides, releasing free fatty acids and secreting propionic acid .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skin microbiome and acne vulgaris: Staphylococcus, a new actor in acne

Dréno

Martin

Moyal

et al. 2017

Experimental Dermatology

138

103

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Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes), the sebaceous gland and follicular keratinocytes are considered the three actors involved in the development of acne. This exploratory study investigated the characteristics of the skin microbiota in subjects with acne and determined microbiota changes after 28 days of application of erythromycin 4% or a dermocosmetic. Skin microbiota were collected under axenic conditions from comedones, papulo-pustular lesions and non-lesional skin areas from subjects with mild to moderate acne according to the GEA grading using swabs. Samples were characterized using a high-throughput sequencing approach that targets a portion of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Overall, microbiota samples from 26 subjects showed an overabundance of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes and an under-representation of Actinobacteria. Staphylococci were more abundant on the surface of comedones, papules and pustules (P=.004 and P=.003 respectively) than on non-lesional skin. Their proportions increased significantly with acne severity (P<.05 between GEA-2 and GEA-3). Propionibacteria represented less than 2% of the bacteria on the skin surface. At Day 28, only the number of Actinobacteria had decreased with erythromycin while the dermocosmetic decreased also the number of Staphylococci. A significant reduction (P<.05) from Day 0 of comedones, papules and pustules with no significant difference between the products was observed. The bacterial diversity on all sampling areas was similar. The dermocosmetic decreased the number of Actinobacteria and Staphylococcus spp. after 28 days. Staphylococcus remained the predominant genus of the superficial skin microbiota. No significant reduction in Staphylococcus spp. was observed with the topical antibiotic.

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The human skin microbiome

Cited by 25 publications

References 7 publications

Analysis of the Stomal Microbiota of a Percutaneous Osseointegrated Prosthesis: A Longitudinal Prospective Cohort Study

Analysis of the Stomal Microbiota of a Percutaneous Osseointegrated Prosthesis: A Longitudinal Prospective Cohort Study

Oxidization of squalene, a human skin lipid: a new and reliable marker of environmental pollution studies

Skin microbiome and acne vulgaris: Staphylococcus, a new actor in acne

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