“…This context was also characterised by WSS delivery moving back and forth between private and public management (see also Murtha et al (2015); Roland et al (2018)). Apart from the WatSan sector's internal dynamics, three 'systemic conditions' have impacted expansion by influencing policies (Castro, 2009;Heller, 2009): (i) the national and international political-economic framework in place (Castro, 2009;Murtha et al, 2015), including the adoption of the MDGs, the SDGs and the Human Right to Water (Heller, 2015;Brown et al, 2016); (ii) the financial support from international organisations (Castro, 2009;Murtha et al, 2015) based often on the need for rationalising the sector and supporting public-private partnerships (Bakker, 2003;Pessoa, 2008); and (iii) the role of the State in WSS management (Roland et al, 2018) (BRASIL, 2010) which sets standards for policy implementation at multiple levels and promotes good governance practices. The BS-Law goes beyond WSS and also embraces: (i) urban sanitation and solid waste management and (ii) drainage and management of urban stormwater services.…”