The highest oxidation states of the transition metal elements

Investigation of Gold Fluorides and Noble Gas Complexes by Matrix‐Isolation Spectroscopy and Quantum‐Chemical Calculations

“…To the best of our knowledge, no monomeric AuF 5 has been characterized before this work, which is due to its ability to form dimers and trimers. [14] In conclusion, matrix-isolation experiments using neon and argon show IR absorptions that are due to the gold fluoride molecules AuF 2 , AuF 3 , Au 2 F 6 , and AuF 5 as well as the noble gas gold fluorides NeÀAuF and ArÀAuF. These assignments are based on fluorine concentration dependence as well as correlation with coupled-cluster calculated frequencies.…”

“…[10,11] This unusually high oxidation state of + V, when compared with its lighter homologues silver and copper, is due to the relativistic maximum of gold. [12][13][14] To date no higher oxidation state for gold has been experimentally observed, as the previous claims of Au VII F 7 [15] have been shown by quantum-chemical calculations to be erroneously assigned [11] and they most likely correspond to AuF 5 ···F 2 .…”

Pentavalent Lanthanide Compounds: Formation and Characterization of Praseodymium(V) Oxides

“…[2][3][4][5] Recently,t he IrO 4 + cation was successfully formed in the gas phase,a nd was identified to contain the highest reported Ir IX oxidation state. [6,7] Forthe light elements in each row of the main group,t ransition metals,a nd actinides,the highest OS often equals the number of available valence electrons (e.g.…”

“…Abstract: The chemistry of lanthanides (Ln = La-Lu) is dominated by the low-valent + 3or+ 2oxidation state because of the chemical inertness of the valence 4f electrons.T he highest knownoxidation state of the whole lanthanide series is + 4f or Ce,Pr, Nd, Tb,and Dy.W ereport the formation of the lanthanide oxide species PrO 4 and PrO 2 + complexes in the gas phase and in as olid noble-gas matrix. Combined infrared spectroscopic and advanced quantum chemistry studies show that these species have the unprecedented Pr V oxidation state, thus demonstrating that the pentavalent state is viable for lanthanide elements in as uitable coordination environment.…”

Untersuchung von Goldfluoriden und ihren Edelgaskomplexen durch Matrixisolationsspektroskopie und quantenchemische Rechnungen

“…Die im Vergleich zu den leichteren Homologen Silber und Kupfer ungewçhnlich hohe Oxidationsstufe + V ist auf das relativistische Maximum des Goldes zurück-zuführen. [12][13][14] Bislang konnte keine hçhere Oxidationsstufe als + V für Gold zweifelsfrei beobachtet werden. Quantenchemische Rechnungen [11] konnten zeigen, dass das vermeintliche Auftreten von Au VII F 7 [15] auf eine fehlerhafte Zuordnung zurückzuführen ist und es sich eventuell um einen AuF 5 [17,18] wurde Goldmonofluorid experimentell in der Gasphase durch Massenspektrometrie [19,20] und Mikrowellenspektroskopie [21] charakterisiert.…”