The high impact of a milling atmosphere on steel contamination

Abstract

High-energy ball-milling in an oxidative atmosphere caused gradual transition of pure zincite into zinc ferrite due to the oxidation of steel contamination. The rate of contamination increased dramatically (>3×) in an inert atmosphere due to the abrasion of milling tools by the steel chips coming from it.

Nucleophilic displacement reactions of 5′-derivatised nucleosides in a vibration ball mill

“…We correlated these yields, the degree of discolouration of the reaction mixtures and their levels of contamination by metallic, particulate matter with the service-age of the steel vessel. These observations appear consistent with previously described chemical (leaching) and physical (pitting and exfoliation) corrosion of steel vessels in the presence of sulfur-containing materials [27] although Lamaty and co-workers described contrary results [28]. Specifically, in this latter case, a comprehensive survey of metal concentrations within reaction mixtures from both planetary and vibration ball mills was performed and showed lower contamination in the service-aged steel vessel although it should be noted that the steel vessels were from different sources.…”

Real‐Time In Situ Powder X‐ray Diffraction Monitoring of Mechanochemical Synthesis of Pharmaceutical Cocrystals

“…With time resolution in seconds, this technique allows the identification and monitoring of neat and liquid-assisted milling reactions, as well as in situ assessment of changes in the size of crystalline particles. While mechanochemical transformations of inorganic substances often last for hours or days, [25] the in situ technique demonstrated a surprising speed for LAG cocrystallization, and yielded almost 0.5 g of the pharmaceutical cocrystal of carbamazepine and saccharin in 4 min. This method also revealed a previously unseen intermediate in the LAG cocrystallization of nicotinamide and suberic acid.…”

“…While mechanochemical transformations of inorganic substances often last for hours or days, [25] the in situ technique demonstrated a surprising speed for LAG cocrystallization, and yielded almost 0.5 g of the pharmaceutical cocrystal of carbamazepine and saccharin in 4 min. With time resolution in seconds, this technique allows the identification and monitoring of neat and liquid-assisted milling reactions, as well as in situ assessment of changes in the size of crystalline particles.…”

The Influence of Ethanolamines on the Solvothermal Synthesis of Zinc Oxide: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study

“…By comparing the equations (1) and (2) with the equations (3) and (4) it is easy to recognize that parameters X, P and X e are related to size broadening and Y, U and Y e to strain broadening. Therefore, only these 6 profile parameters were refined in the Le Bail refinements of ZnO samples, while all other profile parameters assumed the values obtained upon refinement of the standard for which the corresponding ultra‐pure zincite powder (Ventron) was used . In order to obtain pure physically broadened profile parameters the values of the refined parameters were corrected by the corresponding values obtained from the standard.…”