The Herba Patriniae (Caprifoliaceae): A review on traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and quality control

Abstract

Ethnopharmacological relevance Herba Patriniae has been used for thousands of years in China as a traditional Chinese medicine with heat-clearing and detoxicating effects. It is applied widly for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, diarrhea, acute hepatitis, pelvic inflammatory disease and ulcerative colitis in clinic. Two species, namely Patrinia scabiosaefolia Fisch. ( PS ) and Patrinia villosa Juss. ( PV ) from the Caprifoliaceae family, are considered as Herba Patriniae in the pharmaceutical industry. Aim of the review This paper aims to comprehensively outline the traditional uses, botanical description, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, quality control, pharmacokinetics and patents of Herba Patriniae, and elaborate the same/different characteristics between PS and PV . Materials and methods Detailed information of Herba Patriniae was collected from various online databases (Pubmed, Web of Science, Google Schola, China National Knowledge Infrastructure Database, National Intellectual Property Administration, PRC National Medical Products Administration), and those published resources (M.Sc. Thesis and books). Results A total of 233 compounds have been identified in Herba Patriniae, including triterpenoid saponins, flavonoids, organic acids, iridoids, and volatiles. A very distinct difference was observed, that PS is rich in triterpenoid saponins and volatiles, while PV contains more flavonoids. Two source species of Herba Patriniae gave similar pharmacological effects on anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, sedative and hypnotic effects. But there were no reports were on antipruritic, proangiogenic and anti-diarrheal effects for PS , and no studies on anti-diabetic effects for PV . Generally, Herba Patriniae showed non-toxic in the clinical dose, but mild side effects, such as temporary leukopenia, dizziness and nausea, could be found when large and excessive dosage is used. A variety of compounds have been quantified for the quality control of PS and PV . The variety, growth environment, growth time, and harvest time not only affected the contents but also the pharmacological activities of the bioactive compounds. In the past year, patents for compositions containing PV and PS have been filed, mainly involving human health, hygiene, agriculture, and animal husbandry. Unfortunately, the research on pharmacokinetics is insufficient. Only the prototype components and metabolites were repored after intragastric administration of total flavonoids extract from PV in rats. ...

Two New Iridoid Glucosides from the Whole Plant of Patrinia scabiosifolia Link

“…As an important source of iridoids, Patrinia scabiosifolia Link, a perennial plant belonging to the Caprifoliaceae family, is distributed widely in East Asia including China, Japan, and North Korea [ 12 ]. The whole plants of P. scabiosifolia have been used as traditional Chinese medicine to treat appendicitis, diarrhea, and postpartum abdominal pain [ 13 ]. Previous phytochemical investigations on P. scabiosifolia led to the isolation of triterpenoids [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ], iridoids [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ], flavonoids [ 21 ], and lignans [ 26 ].…”

Traditional Chinese Medicine is an Alternative Therapeutic Option for Treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections

“…However, the authors did not specify the species of Herba patriniae in this study. Additionally, the mild side effects including temporary leukopenia, dizziness and nausea could be found in the patients treated with inappropriate dose of Herba Patriniae (Gong et al, 2021). As mentioned earlier, sodium houttuyfonate from H. cordata Thunb.…”

“…Herba patriniae, also known as Bai Jiang Cao, is a TCM for heat-clearing and detoxication, consisting of two species of Caprifoliaceae family, Patrinia scabiosifolia Link (Caprifoliaceae) and Patrinia villosa Juss. (Caprifoliaceae) (Gong et al, 2021). Fu et al reported that the water extract of Herba patriniae was able to disrupt the biofilm formation and alter the biofilm structure of P. aeruginosa PAO1 through inhibition of exopolysaccharide production and biofilmassociated genes including algU, pslM, pelA, algA, and bdlA (Fu et al, 2017).…”

Integrated Network Pharmacology Analysis and In Vitro Validation Revealed the Potential Active Components and Underlying Mechanistic Pathways of Herba Patriniae in Colorectal Cancer

“…Herba Patriniae consists of around 20 Patrinia species that were firstly recorded in “Shen Nong’s Herbal Classic” as medicinal materials. They are widely distributed in Eastern Asia and North America [ 6 ]. Ten species, three sub-species, and two variant species of the genus Patrinia have been used as medicinal herbs, which are grown in the eastern, central, southern, and southwestern regions of China, such as Patrinia scabiosaefolia , Patrinia villosa , Patrinia heterophylla , Patrinia rupestris , and Patrinia scabra [ 7 ].…”

“…Ten species, three sub-species, and two variant species of the genus Patrinia have been used as medicinal herbs, which are grown in the eastern, central, southern, and southwestern regions of China, such as Patrinia scabiosaefolia , Patrinia villosa , Patrinia heterophylla , Patrinia rupestris , and Patrinia scabra [ 7 ]. As a folk herbal remedy, Herba Patriniae has long been used for clearing heat, detoxification, dispelling blood stasis, and relieving pain [ 6 ]. Modern pharmacological studies have reported that Herba Patriniae possesses potent antioxidant, anti-inflammation, and sedation properties [ 6 ].…”