“…Profit shifting has increased in countries that have abolished taxation of profits earned abroad, such as (Langenmayr and Liu, 2023). In response, some countries have implemented rules on controlled foreign corporations in their tax systems (Clifford, 2019;Fonseca et al, 2023), which limit the extent of tax avoidance practices, particularly when adopted cooperatively Haufler et al (2018); Amendolagine et al (2021).…”