The Global Workspace (GW) Theory of Consciousness and Epilepsy

Bartolomei, Fabricē; Naccache, Lionel

doi:10.1155/2011/127864

Cited by 68 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…15 Indeed, epilepsy can be considered as a transient vegetative state in epileptic patients, so it probably abolishes consciousness in MCS patients as well. 16,17 Otherwise, there is still no empirical description of the wake EEG frequency spectrum in the UWS and MCS. Abnormal muscular, ocular and epileptic activities generally contaminate different EEG channels according to their amplitude and source, which are variable in brain-injured patients.…”

Section: Comparison Of the Observed Sleep Patterns To The Standard Crmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sleep in the Unresponsive Wakefulness Syndrome and Minimally Conscious State

Cologan

Drouot

Parapatics

et al. 2013

Journal of Neurotrauma

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The goal of our study was to investigate different aspects of sleep, namely the sleep-wake cycle and sleep stages, in the vegetative state/unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (VS/UWS), and minimally conscious state (MCS). A 24-h polysomnography was performed in 20 patients who were in a UWS (n = 10) or in a MCS (n = 10) because of brain injury. The data were first tested for the presence of a sleep-wake cycle, and the observed sleep patterns were compared with standard scoring criteria. Sleep spindles, slow wave sleep, and rapid eye movement sleep were quantified and their clinical value was investigated. According to our results, an electrophysiological sleep-wake cycle was identified in five MCS and three VS/UWS patients. Sleep stages did not always match the standard scoring criteria, which therefore needed to be adapted. Sleep spindles were present more in patients who clinically improved within 6 months. Slow wave sleep was present in eight MCS and three VS/UWS patients but never in the ischemic etiology. Rapid eye movement sleep, and therefore dreaming that is a form of consciousness, was present in all MCS and three VS/UWS patients. In conclusion, the presence of alternating periods of eyes-open/eyes-closed cycles does not necessarily imply preserved electrophysiological sleep architecture in the UWS and MCS, contrary to previous definition. The investigation of sleep is a little studied yet simple and informative way to evaluate the integrity of residual brain function in patients with disorders of consciousness with possible clinical diagnostic and prognostic implications.

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Section: Comparison Of the Observed Sleep Patterns To The Standard Crmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sleep in the Unresponsive Wakefulness Syndrome and Minimally Conscious State

Cologan

Drouot

Parapatics

et al. 2013

Journal of Neurotrauma

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“…The sensor, i.e., one additional particle, is positioned beneath and connected with the measurement bridge. When the reaction temperature is reached, propylene (3.3 · 10 -6 m 3 /s, NTP), which was used here as a well-known coke precursor [16], is added into the nitrogen steam. The gas mixture passes the catalyst pellets, the coke formation starts and is subsequently monitored by the increase of the mass of the eleven catalyst particles located in the cage.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hence, soot particles adsorb on the surface of the sensor and can be detected, e.g., by planar sensors covered with interdigital capacitors [15]. The more soot particles adsorb on the sensor, the lower their resistance [16]. When the sensor is loaded up to a critical value, it becomes "blind".…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In situ Monitoring of Coke Deposits during Coking and Regeneration of Solid Catalysts by Electrical Impedance‐based Sensors

2009

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The activity of solid catalysts is often substantially reduced by the formation of coke. The in situ monitoring of the coke load of catalyst particles could therefore be a controlling instrument of high value. Such sensors could be useful to measure the axial coke profile in a fixed bed reactor, both during coke formation and regeneration by coke burn-off. As a contribution to the development of such sensors, single particles of an alumina oxide catalyst were used as a model system. The particles were electrically contacted and characterized by electrical impedance spectroscopy. The coke formation/burn-off and the impedance were simultaneously measured in a magnetic suspension balance. A clear relationship between the coke loading and the respective electrical impedance signal could be observed, both during coke formation and during the regeneration by coke burn-off. Kinetic studies were conducted to verify the influence of mass transfer limitations on the impedance signal.

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“…Highly dispersed metal particles over catalysts 6) or use of alkaline earth metal oxides in catalysts 7) may reduce coke formation and improve the catalyst sustainability. Supported metal catalysts are conventionally prepared by wet impregnation of different supports.…”

Section: Chmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of Highly Dispersed Ni Catalysts for H<sub>2</sub> Production for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells

Shishido

Takehira

2015

J. Jpn. Petrol. Inst.

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Reforming of methane and propane with supported Ni catalysts was investigated for the production of hydrogen for polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs). Supported Ni catalysts were prepared from Mg(Ni) _ Al hydrotalicitelike compounds (HTlcs) as the precursor. The precursors were prepared by the co-precipitation method from nitrates of the metal components, thermally decomposed, and then in-situ reduced to form supported Ni catalysts. Ni 2 can effectively replace the Mg 2 site in the HTlcs, resulting in the formation of highly dispersed and stable Ni metal particles on supported Ni catalysts. Supported Ni catalysts prepared by this method showed higher activity than catalysts prepared by the conventional impregnation method such as Ni/α-Al2O3 and Ni/MgO. Moreover, the activity and stability of supported Ni catalysts were improved by combining a small amount of noble metals by adopting the "memory effect," which allows the reconstitution of the original hydrotalcite-like structure, and were effective for the production of hydrogen under the daily start-up and shutd-own operations.

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The Global Workspace (GW) Theory of Consciousness and Epilepsy

Cited by 68 publications

References 31 publications

Sleep in the Unresponsive Wakefulness Syndrome and Minimally Conscious State

Sleep in the Unresponsive Wakefulness Syndrome and Minimally Conscious State

In situ Monitoring of Coke Deposits during Coking and Regeneration of Solid Catalysts by Electrical Impedance‐based Sensors

Preparation of Highly Dispersed Ni Catalysts for H<sub>2</sub> Production for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells

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