Arch Gen Psychiatry
 1967
DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.1967.01730260007002
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The Giving Up-Given Up Complex Illustrated on Film

Arthur H. Schmale1
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Cited by 129 publications

(49 citation statements)
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“…As with fatigue, there are substantial problems with many definitions of demoralization. Our findings are mainly concordant with the "giving up complex" as described by Schmale and Engel (1967), including feelings of personal failure, discrepancy between expectations and ability, and a sense of helplessness and hopelessness. Because fatigue is one of the most prominent symptoms in CHF, it is disheartening that patients associated the fatigue experience with demoralization and intellectual deficiency.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 86%
Exaggerated anticipatory anxiety is common in social anxiety disorder (SAD). Neuroimaging studies have revealed altered neural activity in response to social stimuli in SAD, but fewer studies have examined neural activity during anticipation of feared social stimuli in SAD. The current study examined the time course and magnitude of activity in threat processing brain regions during speech anticipation in socially anxious individuals and healthy controls (HC). Method Participants (SAD n = 58; HC n = 16) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during which they completed a 90s control anticipation task and 90s speech anticipation task.
“…As with fatigue, there are substantial problems with many definitions of demoralization. Our findings are mainly concordant with the "giving up complex" as described by Schmale and Engel (1967), including feelings of personal failure, discrepancy between expectations and ability, and a sense of helplessness and hopelessness. Because fatigue is one of the most prominent symptoms in CHF, it is disheartening that patients associated the fatigue experience with demoralization and intellectual deficiency.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 86%
Exaggerated anticipatory anxiety is common in social anxiety disorder (SAD). Neuroimaging studies have revealed altered neural activity in response to social stimuli in SAD, but fewer studies have examined neural activity during anticipation of feared social stimuli in SAD. The current study examined the time course and magnitude of activity in threat processing brain regions during speech anticipation in socially anxious individuals and healthy controls (HC). Method Participants (SAD n = 58; HC n = 16) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during which they completed a 90s control anticipation task and 90s speech anticipation task.
“…The demoralization syndrome that was discussed in works by Schmale & Engel (1967) and Frank (1973), that formed the basis of DCPR criteria (see Table S1) appears to be more in line with the data that are available from this systematic review. Further, there are overlaps between DCPR criteria and the scales that have been used that may further specify the clinical picture.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 74%
“…The interview identifies 12 psychosomatic syndromes including demoralization. The authors base their demoralization operationalization on Schmale & Engel's giving up–given up complex (Schmale & Engel, 1967) and Frank's (1973) demoralization syndrome as detailed in Table S1. All three criteria are required to receive a diagnosis of demoralization.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
Exaggerated anticipatory anxiety is common in social anxiety disorder (SAD). Neuroimaging studies have revealed altered neural activity in response to social stimuli in SAD, but fewer studies have examined neural activity during anticipation of feared social stimuli in SAD. The current study examined the time course and magnitude of activity in threat processing brain regions during speech anticipation in socially anxious individuals and healthy controls (HC). Method Participants (SAD n = 58; HC n = 16) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during which they completed a 90s control anticipation task and 90s speech anticipation task.
“…31,62 In particular, vulnerability to disease may be impacted by the "giving-up" complex that has been described in the context of major depressive disorders. [63][64][65][66][67][68][69] Indeed, demoralization can be comorbid with depression, 70,71 and in the current study, these conditions overlapped to a similar degree to that observed in other chronic illnesses, with 10% of the ET sample meeting criteria for both depression and demoralization. For CHD, this was 12%, and for PD, 12.8%.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 69%
Exaggerated anticipatory anxiety is common in social anxiety disorder (SAD). Neuroimaging studies have revealed altered neural activity in response to social stimuli in SAD, but fewer studies have examined neural activity during anticipation of feared social stimuli in SAD. The current study examined the time course and magnitude of activity in threat processing brain regions during speech anticipation in socially anxious individuals and healthy controls (HC). Method Participants (SAD n = 58; HC n = 16) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during which they completed a 90s control anticipation task and 90s speech anticipation task.
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