The geometric properties of paired human tibiae

Miller, Gary J.; Purkey, William Watson

doi:10.1016/0021-9290(80)90002-0

Cited by 40 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…This also corresponds to behavi- oral observations that leaping in galagos is achieved with a two-legged symmetrical stance in which sagittal plane bending moments in the femur should be created by hip and knee extension (Hall-Craggs, 1965a;Jouffroy et al, 1974). In contrast, cross sectional moments of inertia in macaque and human femurs are largest in the frontal plane and increase distally (Miller and Piotrowski, 1977;Burr et al, 1981), suggesting relatively larger moments near the knee. The principal bending loads in human and macaque femurs are in the frontal plane and, in humans, result from abductor forces necessary for balancing on one leg during the swing phase of locomotion (McLeish and Charnley, 1970).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Femoral mechanics in the lesser bushbaby (Galago senegalensis): Structural adaptations to leaping in primates

et al. 1982

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One method used to examine the relationship between behavioral strategies and anatomical adaptation is to study the results of mechanical stress associated with a given behavior and compare this with skeletal adaptations to other behaviors. This comparative approach is appropriate for highlighting combinations of features that are specializations to specific types of behavior. The purpose of this paper is to compare femoral mechanics in Galago senegalensis with previously collected data for macaques and humans as a basis for discussing structural adaptations in the primate hindlimb to leaping. The stiffness and load carrying capabilities of the femoral diaphyses of 27 G. senegalensis were analyzed using the SCADS computer program. The data suggest that the galago femur is well adapted to sustain large sagittal plane compressive loads rather than large bending loads. The straightness of the femoral shaft and large midshaft area moments of inertia prevent buckling from these large compressive loads. Calculations indicate that the ratio of critical buckling load to body weight in galago is 31 times that in macaques and 55 times that in humans. The femur of this saltatory primate is morphologically adapted to resist buckling when subjected to large compressive loads, while those of macaques and humans are better adapted to resist bending moments caused by ground reaction forces acting on the extended limb. The differences between galago on the one hand and macaques and humans on the other suggest that relatively smaller moments about the hip and relatively larger moments about the knee accompany more quadrupedal and bipedal walking, while habitual leaping is associated with relatively larger moments about the hip. These data reinforce the apparent similarity of the mechanical effects of quadrupedal and bipedal locomotion on the femur and dissimilarity with femoral mechanics in habitually saltatory primates.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Femoral mechanics in the lesser bushbaby (Galago senegalensis): Structural adaptations to leaping in primates

et al. 1982

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“…Nevertheless, since I,,, was rarely more than 50% greater than Imin, the bone at all levels could be assumed to behave almost as a cylinder, as suggested here for Mucuca. In terms of bone volume, the femur is essentially a tapered column, similar to that reported for human femurs (Miller and Piotrowski, 1977). In both humans and Macaca, the principal and anatomical axes were in many cases nearly congruent, indicating some adaptation to the production of greatest forces in the major anatomical planes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…As the linea aspera disappears near midshaft, the cross section becomes compact and nearly circular, accompanied by a decline in I,,,, an increase in Imin, and a shift of the principal axis toward the mediolateral axis. Martin and Atkinson (1977) and Miller and Piotrowski (1977) also report nearly congruent principal and anatomical axes in distal human femurs. Figure 6 illustrates the distribution of torsional shear stresses throughout the femoral diaphysis of Macaca.…”

Section: Each Variable Within Each Level Was Sub-mentioning

confidence: 77%

“…A number of studies have used elements of beam theory to detail cross-sectional strength and geometrical properties of human and fossil hominid bone (Koch, 1917;Backman, 1957;Allen et al, 1968;Amtmann, 1971;Kimura, 1971;Rybicki et al, 1972;Minns et al, 1975Minns et al, , 1977Lovejoy et al, 1976;Lovejoy and Burstein, 1977;Martin and Atkinson, 1977;Miller and Piotrowski, 1977;Miller and Purkey, 1980;Lovejoy and Trinkaus, unpublished manuscript;Martin et al, 1980. To our knowledge, only Jungers and Minns (1979) have applied beam theory to the analysis of nonhuman primate bone.…”

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confidence: 96%

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Structural strength of the macaque femur

Burr

Piotrowski

Miller

1981

American J Phys Anthropol

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New techniques in bone mechanics, and the demonstration that locomotor function can be interpreted based on patterns of structural strength delineated by these new techniques, lay the foundation for analyses of structural strength in nonhuman primate long bones. The present paper details topographic variability in structural strength of the femoral diaphysis of Macaca as a basis for further quantifying form-function interactions in pronograde primates. The femoral diaphyses of 42 macaques were serially sectioned. These sections were digitized, and coordinate points were submitted to the SCADS computerized stress analysis program. This analysis indicated that the femoral diaphysis of Macaca is better adapted proximally than distally to resist axial loads. The proximal third of the femur is better able to resist bending loads in the posterolateral/anteromedial direction than in the standard planes. The distal femur is geometrically well suited to resist high bending loads, particularly in the mediolateral plane. The elliptical construction of the distal femur is designed to resist high torsional loads as well. When compared with density data on the macaque femoral diaphysis, these data indicate extremely high rigidity in the mediolateral plane. The inverse relationship between density and structural rigidity distally indicates the presence of compensatory mechanisms between structural strength, geometry, and density. Similarities in femoral mechanics in macaques and humans suggest uniformity of stress patterns of the lower extremity locomotion.

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“…The difference in injury risk between males and females are less pronounced in athletic populations (33), although this may be due to difficulties in controlling the amount and intensity of training undergone by males and females. As females and males in military training are typically required to carry similar weight packs, the differences observed in military recruits could be due to narrower bone width which are less adapted to high loads (36). Another possible explanation for the higher incidence of stress fractures in female military recruits could be a slower rate of muscle force development in females (37,38), which inhibits the muscles' ability to attenuate loads.…”

Section: Intrinsic Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental validation of finite element predicted bone strain in the human metatarsal

Fung

Loundagin

Edwards

2017

Journal of Biomechanics

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The objective of this study was to verify and validate a finite element modeling routine for the human metatarsal, which is a common location for stress fractures. Experimental strain measurements on 33 human cadaveric metatarsals subject to cantilever bending were compared with strain predictions from finite element (FE) models generated from computed tomography images. For the material property assignment of the FE models, a published density-elasticity relationship was compared with density-elasticity equations developed using optimization techniques. The correlations between the measured and predicted and predicted strains were very high (r 2 ≥0.94) for all of the density-elasticity equations. However, the utilization of an optimized density-elasticity equation improved the accuracy of the finite element models, reducing the maximum error between measured and predicted strains by 10% to 20%. The finite element modeling routine could be used for investigating potential interventions to minimize metatarsal strains and the occurrence of metatarsal stress fractures.iii

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The geometric properties of paired human tibiae

Cited by 40 publications

References 10 publications

Femoral mechanics in the lesser bushbaby (Galago senegalensis): Structural adaptations to leaping in primates

Femoral mechanics in the lesser bushbaby (Galago senegalensis): Structural adaptations to leaping in primates

Structural strength of the macaque femur

Experimental validation of finite element predicted bone strain in the human metatarsal

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