The Frequency of Depression in Turkish Patients With Diabetes and Diabetic Complications

Abstract

Objectives:In order to ascertain the impact of diabetes and diabetic complications on the risk of depression in the Turkish population, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was used to investigate the frequency of depression in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients (T1DM and T2DM) compared to controls (nondiabetic population). The influence of sociodemographic and other baseline characteristics on depression in DM patients and controls was also investigated. Patients and Methods: A total of 500 consecutive diabetic outpatients and 90 healthy individuals (control group) completed the BDI test. Metabolic parameters, complications, and sociodemographic characteristics were also recorded. Results: T1DM patients had significantly higher BDI scores than T2DM patients and controls (P Ͻ 0.001, for each) no significant difference was found between T2DM patients and controls (P ϭ 0.950). Following microvascular complications, the most frequently encountered complications were retinopathy and neuropathy in patients with T1DM (49.4%) and T2DM (50.1%), respectively. The rates of depression were found significantly higher in the group with diabetic complications compared to the group without diabetic complications. By linear regression analysis, significant predictors for depression were unmarried status, T1DM, younger age, and microvascular complications. Conclusion: These results provide strong evidence for an increase in the frequency of depression in diabetic patients with complications.

Depression, Anxiety and Quality of Life Among Adult Turkish Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

“…Naughton and colleagues (17) found that QOL was better among patients with T1DM using insulin pump vs insulin injections. In a study involving patients with T1DM and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), frequency of depression was higher among patients with T2DM receiving insulin than in patients with T2DM without receiving insulin (18). The frequency of depression was highest among patients with T1DM in the same study (18).…”

“…Higher depression and anxiety scores were detected in patients with neuropathy and nephropathy. Saglam et al (18) have found that the rate of depression was higher when retinopathy and neuropathy were present. The present study has some limitations.…”

“…In a study involving patients with T1DM and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), frequency of depression was higher among patients with T2DM receiving insulin than in patients with T2DM without receiving insulin (18). The frequency of depression was highest among patients with T1DM in the same study (18). Recently, Lawrence and colleagues (19) published a paper about QOL among youth with T1DM.…”

Meta-analysis of the relationship between depression and diabetic retinopathy

“…Among the 268 literatures retrieved, a total of 20 independent studies as well as a total of 19 had been incorporated in line with the inclusion and exclusion criteria of literature by use of the blind method [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33]. These included 3 articles about type I diabetes, 12 about type II diabetes, 5 about types I and II; and 1 article studied the types I and II diabetes independently (Figure 1).…”