The forage quality and the in vitro ruminal digestibility, gas production, organic acids, and some estimated digestion parameters of tomato herbage silage with molasses and barley

Abstract

In this study, nutrient composition and use of silage after harvest of waste green parts (herbage) of tomato (Licopersicon esculentum L.) were researched as a wet forage source for ruminants. Three different silages of tomato herbage: without additive (TS), with 5% sugar beet molasses (TSm), or 5% crushed barley grain (TSb) were prepared. The forage quality and the in vitro ruminal digestibility, gas production, organic acids, and some estimated digestion parameters for different silages of tomato herbage were determined. Besides, the in vitro digestion values of using at 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% rates instead of corn silage in the dairy cattle total mix ration (TMR) were researched. The lactic acid content of TSb silage was higher than those of the TS and TSm silages (P < 0.001). The ensiling of tomato herbage with barley decreased the levels of acetic, butyric, and propionic acids in the silage (P < 0.01). The use limits of tomato herbage silages instead of corn silage in dairy cattle TMR were determined as 25% for TS, 75% for TSb, and 100% for TSm in terms of in vitro gas production and other digestion parameters during 24-h incubation. The volume of methane produced for mL/g DM at 24 h was decreased by increasing TS in dairy cattle TMR (P < 0.001) but was not changed by increasing TSm and TSb in dairy cattle TMR (P > 0.05). Consequently, results have shown that tomato herbage should be ensiled with 5% molasses. However, it has been concluded that using tomato herbage silage with barley up to 75% or sugar beet molasses up to 100% instead of corn silage in dairy cattle ration did not have a negative effect in vitro.

Effects of fumaric and maleic acids on the fermentation, nutrient composition, proteolysis and in vitro ruminal gas of corn silage

“…In addition, the level of VFA produced in the rumen environment in vitro is an indicator of digestion, and the rumen fermentation values of the silages in the study are within the reference range. Parallel to the in vitro digestion results, it is expected that TVFA and especially AA, PA, and BA levels will change in the in vitro rumen fluid (Ersahince & Kara, 2017; Tekin & Kara, 2020). These results show that the positive effects of these gases in silage fermentation have similar effects in ruminal digestion.…”

“…The acidity value of the filtered silage fluid was measured with a digital pH meter (Mettler Toledo, S220 pH/ion meter, USA) (Bernardes et al, 2019). The LA content in the silage fluid was determined according to the spectrophotometrical method of Barnett (1951) as modified by Tekin and Kara (2020). The concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) (acetic acid [AA], PA, BA, isobutyric acid [IBA] and valeric acid [VA]) in silage fluid was determined using a gas chromatograph with flame ionization detector (GC‐FID) (Thermo Trace 1300, Thermo Scientific, USA) using the Xcalibur software program, according to the retention time and peak area in chromatograms (Ersahince & Kara, 2017).…”

Determination of quality and nutrient content of artichoke by-products ensilaged with barley and molasses

“…The lactic acid (LA) content in silage fluid was determined according to the modified spectrophotometric method of Barnett (1951) (Tekin and Kara, 2020). The amount of LA in the sample fluid was calculated as lactate equivalent from the calibration curve (R 2 = 0.95) of standard lithium lactate (0.312-160 μg/ml).…”

“…Based on these results, the DM percentages of the silage were similar and consistent with the 16.70% DM value reported by Marsico et al (2005) for fresh/green artichoke residues (bract leaf), 15.6% reported by Megias et al (1997), 16.21% by Konca et al (2005), and 19.00% by Monllor et al (2020) for artichoke by-product silage without additives. Moreover, the DM ratios of silages produced from some agro-industrial byproducts appeared to be similar to the silage from artichoke by-products, ranging from 14.21 to 16.09% in non-supplemented sugar beet pulp silage (Sahin et al, 1999), sugar beet leaf silage (Can et al, 2003), broccoli by-product silage (Monllor et al, 2020), tomato herbage silage (Tekin and Kara, 2020), and fruit by-product (apple, peach, apricot) pulp silages (Yalcinkaya et al, 2012). However, it was shown that these rates could be increased by adding molasses, wheat, potato pulp, etc.…”

Nutrient matter, fatty acids, in vitro gas production and digestion of herbage and silage quality of yellow sweet clover (<i>Melilotus officinalis</i> L.) at different phenological stages

“…The filtered mixture's pH value was measured with a digital pH meter (S220 pH/ion meter, Mettler Toledo, Greifensee, Switzerland) (Bernardes et al, 2019). The lactic acid (LA) content in silage fluid was determined according to a modified spectrophotometric method of Barnett (1951) (Tekin and Kara, 2020). The amount of LA in the sample fluid was calculated as lactate equivalent from the calibration curve (R 2 = 0.95) of standard lithium lactate (0.312 -160 μg/ml).…”