The flow and composition of lymph from the testes of pigs with some observations on the effect of raised venous pressure

The Movement of Fluids and Substances in the Testis

“…A quite different situation applies in the pig. In this species, the lymph resembles testicular venous blood plasma in most regards (Setchell 1982) except for steroids. There are appreciably higher concentrations of free testosterone and oestradiol, but the concentrations of the steroid conjugates, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and oestrone sulfate are about 30 times as high as those in blood plasma from the internal spermatic vein .…”

The Movement of Fluids and Substances in the Testis

“…A quite different situation applies in the pig. In this species, the lymph resembles testicular venous blood plasma in most regards (Setchell 1982) except for steroids. There are appreciably higher concentrations of free testosterone and oestradiol, but the concentrations of the steroid conjugates, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and oestrone sulfate are about 30 times as high as those in blood plasma from the internal spermatic vein .…”

The Immunophysiology of Male Reproduction

“…56 The organization of the testicular lymphatics varies between species, ranging from irregular channels or sinusoids that are incompletely bounded by endothelial cells in rodents, to large discrete lymphatic vessels in humans, to very small, rapid flow lymphatics in porcine species. 52,57 These lymphatics completely invest the entire interstitial tissue and pass without restriction to local draining lymph nodes, principally the lumbar or para-aortic lymph nodes. 58,59 In the laboratory rat, drainage to the iliac and renal nodes predominates, but there may be some lymphatic drainage directly to the thoracic ducts without passing through regional lymph nodes.…”

<b>Estrogen in the Adult Male: From a Curiosity to Absolute Necessity</b>

“…The concentration of estrogens in peripheral blood is typically low in the male, but ranges from 2-180 pg/ml depending upon the species. The horse is an exception, where estrone sulfate is found as high as 2,447 pg/ml (Setchell, 1982;Claus et al, 1992). Estrogen concentrations are typically higher in the testicular vein and lymph than in the general circulation.…”

The Movement of Fluids and Substances in the Testis

“…A quite different situation applies in the pig. In this species, the lymph resembles testicular venous blood plasma in most regards (Setchell 1982) except for steroids. There are appreciably higher concentrations of free testosterone and oestradiol, but the concentrations of the steroid conjugates, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and oestrone sulfate are about 30 times as high as those in blood plasma from the internal spermatic vein .…”

The Immunophysiology of Male Reproduction

“…56 The organization of the testicular lymphatics varies between species, ranging from irregular channels or sinusoids that are incompletely bounded by endothelial cells in rodents, to large discrete lymphatic vessels in humans, to very small, rapid flow lymphatics in porcine species. 52,57 These lymphatics completely invest the entire interstitial tissue and pass without restriction to local draining lymph nodes, principally the lumbar or para-aortic lymph nodes. 58,59 In the laboratory rat, drainage to the iliac and renal nodes predominates, but there may be some lymphatic drainage directly to the thoracic ducts without passing through regional lymph nodes.…”

<b>Estrogen in the Adult Male: From a Curiosity to Absolute Necessity</b>

“…The concentration of estrogens in peripheral blood is typically low in the male, but ranges from 2-180 pg/ml depending upon the species. The horse is an exception, where estrone sulfate is found as high as 2,447 pg/ml (Setchell, 1982;Claus et al, 1992). Estrogen concentrations are typically higher in the testicular vein and lymph than in the general circulation.…”

The Movement of Fluids and Substances in the Testis

“…A quite different situation applies in the pig. In this species, the lymph resembles testicular venous blood plasma in most regards (Setchell 1982) except for steroids. There are appreciably higher concentrations of free testosterone and oestradiol, but the concentrations of the steroid conjugates, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and oestrone sulfate are about 30 times as high as those in blood plasma from the internal spermatic vein .…”

The Immunophysiology of Male Reproduction

“…56 The organization of the testicular lymphatics varies between species, ranging from irregular channels or sinusoids that are incompletely bounded by endothelial cells in rodents, to large discrete lymphatic vessels in humans, to very small, rapid flow lymphatics in porcine species. 52,57 These lymphatics completely invest the entire interstitial tissue and pass without restriction to local draining lymph nodes, principally the lumbar or para-aortic lymph nodes. 58,59 In the laboratory rat, drainage to the iliac and renal nodes predominates, but there may be some lymphatic drainage directly to the thoracic ducts without passing through regional lymph nodes.…”

<b>Estrogen in the Adult Male: From a Curiosity to Absolute Necessity</b>

“…The concentration of estrogens in peripheral blood is typically low in the male, but ranges from 2-180 pg/ml depending upon the species. The horse is an exception, where estrone sulfate is found as high as 2,447 pg/ml (Setchell, 1982;Claus et al, 1992). Estrogen concentrations are typically higher in the testicular vein and lymph than in the general circulation.…”