The fate of leachate of pharmaceuticals like amoxicillin, ibuprofen and caffeine in the soil using soil columns

Abstract

KEYWORDSFrom an environmental engineering point of view, pharmaceuticals such as antibiotics are a group of man-made chemicals of concern entering the environment in concentrations at which, the health effects are unknown. The problem that may be created by the presence of antibiotics at low concentrations in the environment is the development of antibiotic resistant microorganisms. In this study, three pharmaceutical drugs manufactured in Palestine were studied in waste water and their adsorption in agriculture soil was studied using soil columns. During the study of soil columns, it was noted that the concentration of caffeine in leachate was higher than that of ibuprofen and amoxicillin, as caffeine has higher aqueous solubility. Ibuprofen and amoxicillin were present in leachate with very small concentrations, due to their degradation and decomposition into other substances that may be harmful, and affect the natural properties of soil, groundwater and human health. The decomposition percentages of the pharmaceuticals in the soil columns were 97.82, 97.88 and 86.52% for amoxicillin, ibuprofen and caffeine for one year's study, respectively. For the fifteen years, the decomposition percentages were 94.04, 96.60 and 93.70% for amoxicillin, ibuprofen and caffeine, respectively. Kinetics Leachate Adsorption Pharmaceuticals Chemical oxygen demand (COD) Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)

Synthesis, characterization and comparative study the antibacterial activities of some imine-amoxicillin derivatives

“…On the other hand, when we show the results of activity against Escherichia coli, Figure 4, we observed some important notes: the first that all compounds (1)(2)(3)(4)(5) in all concentrations have good activity against this bacteria and this inhibition increases with increasing the concentration of compounds. The second is the compound 5 has good activity compared to others.…”

“…it is active against a wide range of Gram-positive, and a limited range of Gram-negative organisms [2]. It is also found that amoxicillin and its derivatives are very importance in many research studies, such as pharmaceutical and biological studies [3][4][5][6].…”

Synthesis, characterization and comparative study the antibacterial activities of some imine-amoxicillin derivatives

“…On the other hand, when we show the results of activity against Escherichia coli, Figure 4, we observed some important notes: the first that all compounds (1)(2)(3)(4)(5) in all concentrations have good activity against this bacteria and this inhibition increases with increasing the concentration of compounds. The second is the compound 5 has good activity compared to others.…”

“…it is active against a wide range of Gram-positive, and a limited range of Gram-negative organisms [2]. It is also found that amoxicillin and its derivatives are very importance in many research studies, such as pharmaceutical and biological studies [3][4][5][6].…”

The study of kinetics and thermodynamics of selected pharmaceuticals and personal care products on agriculture soil

“…  ( 6 ) in which, k2 is the equilibrium rate constant (g/mg.min) of pseudo-second-order chemical sorptin; qe is the amount of adsorption sorbed at equilibrium (mg/g); qt is the amount of adsorbate sorbed at t (min). The straight line plots of (t/qt) vs t have been tested to obtain rate parameters [12].…”

“…The pharmaceutical compounds used mainly by human and livestock are excreted in slightly transformed or even unchanged form, resulting from the body fluids (urine), or from disposing of the expired drugs, causing serious damage to the ecosystem, which is still in the beginning of the study in Palestine, that's because our conventional wastewater treatment is the primary mechanism by which pharmaceuticals introduced [5,6].…”

Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial studies of imine derivatives of amoxicillin

“…Very recently, we have reported the synthesis of novel xanthene based imine derivatives showing excellent antibacterial activity [18]. Inspired with biological activities possessed by imines [19][20][21][22][23] and amoxicillin, an endeavor was made to manufacture novel imine derivatives (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14) of amoxicillin by condensing it with different aldehydes and ketones. The novel amoxicillin imine derivatives were characterized well by different spectroscopic techniques and screened for antimicrobial activities.…”

Synthesis, characterization and comparative study the antibacterial activities of some imine-amoxicillin derivatives

“…On the other hand, when we show the results of activity against Escherichia coli, Figure 4, we observed some important notes: the first that all compounds (1)(2)(3)(4)(5) in all concentrations have good activity against this bacteria and this inhibition increases with increasing the concentration of compounds. The second is the compound 5 has good activity compared to others.…”

“…it is active against a wide range of Gram-positive, and a limited range of Gram-negative organisms [2]. It is also found that amoxicillin and its derivatives are very importance in many research studies, such as pharmaceutical and biological studies [3][4][5][6].…”

The study of kinetics and thermodynamics of selected pharmaceuticals and personal care products on agriculture soil

“…  ( 6 ) in which, k2 is the equilibrium rate constant (g/mg.min) of pseudo-second-order chemical sorptin; qe is the amount of adsorption sorbed at equilibrium (mg/g); qt is the amount of adsorbate sorbed at t (min). The straight line plots of (t/qt) vs t have been tested to obtain rate parameters [12].…”

“…The pharmaceutical compounds used mainly by human and livestock are excreted in slightly transformed or even unchanged form, resulting from the body fluids (urine), or from disposing of the expired drugs, causing serious damage to the ecosystem, which is still in the beginning of the study in Palestine, that's because our conventional wastewater treatment is the primary mechanism by which pharmaceuticals introduced [5,6].…”

Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial studies of imine derivatives of amoxicillin

“…Very recently, we have reported the synthesis of novel xanthene based imine derivatives showing excellent antibacterial activity [18]. Inspired with biological activities possessed by imines [19][20][21][22][23] and amoxicillin, an endeavor was made to manufacture novel imine derivatives (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14) of amoxicillin by condensing it with different aldehydes and ketones. The novel amoxicillin imine derivatives were characterized well by different spectroscopic techniques and screened for antimicrobial activities.…”

Synthesis, characterization and comparative study the antibacterial activities of some imine-amoxicillin derivatives

“…On the other hand, when we show the results of activity against Escherichia coli, Figure 4, we observed some important notes: the first that all compounds (1)(2)(3)(4)(5) in all concentrations have good activity against this bacteria and this inhibition increases with increasing the concentration of compounds. The second is the compound 5 has good activity compared to others.…”

“…it is active against a wide range of Gram-positive, and a limited range of Gram-negative organisms [2]. It is also found that amoxicillin and its derivatives are very importance in many research studies, such as pharmaceutical and biological studies [3][4][5][6].…”

The study of kinetics and thermodynamics of selected pharmaceuticals and personal care products on agriculture soil

“…  ( 6 ) in which, k2 is the equilibrium rate constant (g/mg.min) of pseudo-second-order chemical sorptin; qe is the amount of adsorption sorbed at equilibrium (mg/g); qt is the amount of adsorbate sorbed at t (min). The straight line plots of (t/qt) vs t have been tested to obtain rate parameters [12].…”

“…The pharmaceutical compounds used mainly by human and livestock are excreted in slightly transformed or even unchanged form, resulting from the body fluids (urine), or from disposing of the expired drugs, causing serious damage to the ecosystem, which is still in the beginning of the study in Palestine, that's because our conventional wastewater treatment is the primary mechanism by which pharmaceuticals introduced [5,6].…”

Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial studies of imine derivatives of amoxicillin

“…Very recently, we have reported the synthesis of novel xanthene based imine derivatives showing excellent antibacterial activity [18]. Inspired with biological activities possessed by imines [19][20][21][22][23] and amoxicillin, an endeavor was made to manufacture novel imine derivatives (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14) of amoxicillin by condensing it with different aldehydes and ketones. The novel amoxicillin imine derivatives were characterized well by different spectroscopic techniques and screened for antimicrobial activities.…”