The Extremely High Adsorption Capacity of Fluoride by Chicken Bone Char (CBC) in Defluoridation of Drinking Water in Relation to Its Finer Particle Size for Better Human Health

Abstract

The ingestion of fluoride-contaminated water causes serious health issues in people all over the world. In the current study, the adsorption of fluoride onto chicken bone char (CBC) was investigated as a defluoridation technique. Finer-sized CBC with a diameter of 106–212 µm was used to investigate the fluoride adsorption capacity onto CBC. Results revealed that finer-sized CBC yielded an unusually high fluoride adsorption capacity of 11.2 mg/g at the equilibrium fluoride concentration of 10 mg/L. The study shows that CBC can be utilized in the defluoridation of drinking water and that finer-sized CBC enhances ion exchange to perform a higher adsorption capacity.

Adsorptive, kinetics and regeneration studies of fluoride removal from water using zirconium-based metal organic frameworks

“…According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the permissible limit of uoride concentration in drinking water is generally 1.5 mg L À1 . [1][2][3][4][5] In contrast, it is noted that the longterm intake of higher quantities of uoride will pose adverse health effects to humans, leading to a variety of diseases including skeletal uorosis, osteoporosis, arthritis, brittle bones, cancer, infertility, thyroid disorder, and even interference with DNA synthesis. [6][7][8][9][10] Fluorosis, associated with elevated uoride concentrations in drinking water, has been reported in various countries around the world such as India, China, Tanzania, Mexico, Argentina, and South Africa.…”

“…However, it was found that 7% of the population in Malaysia are exposed to a public water supply which exceeded the upper limit of the recommended uoride level which is more than 0.6 ppm. 3,4 Considering the view of the toxic effects of uoride on human health, it is imperative to propose an effective and robust technology to mitigate the excess uoride from drinking water to the permissible limit from the perspective of environmental sustainability and public health.…”

Eggshell-Derived Nanohydroxyapatite Adsorbent for Defluoridation of Drinking Water from Bofo of Ethiopia

“…However, all these materials showed poor fluoride adsorption capability and are not enough for wide application. Because of economic reasons, bone char has been commonly used as adsorbent for defluoridation of drinking water in developing countries [5,6,10]. However, challenges on obtaining high-quality bone char materials and hygiene-related issues limited their usage on a large scale worldwide.…”

Repeated Heat Regeneration of Bone Char for Sustainable Use in Fluoride Removal from Drinking Water

“…A high concentration of fluoride up to 30 mg/L was found in the groundwater of many countries in the world including Sri Lanka [3], India, Pakistan, China, West Indies, Spain, Holland, Poland, Italy, Iraq, Iran, Sudan, Uganda, Kenya, United Republic of Tanzania, Mexico, Thailand, Serbia, Ethiopia, Eritrea (North East Africa), West Africa, Southern Africa and North and South American countries [5]. Therefore, Defluoridation of drinking water is essential to protect the human life from fluoride contaminated water [6].…”

“…Adsorption is one of the techniques widely used as a low cost method in defluoridation [6]. Several adsorbents were reported in the literature such as activated carbon, activated alumina [7], clay, zeolites, fly ash, specific ion exchange resins [8], brick powder, bentonite, montmorillonite, laterite [9], rare earth oxides, red mud, hydroxyapatite, fluorspar, calcite, quartz, bauxite and gypsum [10].…”