The Extrapyramidal System

über die Veränderungen der Vestibularisfunktion bei stereotaktischen Thalamus-Eingriffen am Menschen (Part 2 of 2)

“…Mettler, Ades, Liprnan und Culler (1939) [37] studierten die T onus änderungen der M uskulatur bei Reizungen der diversen Regionen des extrapyram idalen System s; M artin [36] lieferte eine generelle Be schreibung der H altungs-und Bewegungsstörungen bei den verschie denen Affektionen der Basalganglien; Ortliner und Roeder [48J gingen au f die Problem atik der Pulsionsphänom ene ein, versuchten, diese zu deuten und wiesen au f die B edeutung der Pallidotom ie fü r die Besei tigung der Störungen hin. Die Serie dieser Aufzählungen Hesse sich noch beliebig w eiter fortsetzen.…”

über die Veränderungen der Vestibularisfunktion bei stereotaktischen Thalamus-Eingriffen am Menschen (Part 2 of 2)

“…Mettler, Ades, Liprnan und Culler (1939) [37] studierten die T onus änderungen der M uskulatur bei Reizungen der diversen Regionen des extrapyram idalen System s; M artin [36] lieferte eine generelle Be schreibung der H altungs-und Bewegungsstörungen bei den verschie denen Affektionen der Basalganglien; Ortliner und Roeder [48J gingen au f die Problem atik der Pulsionsphänom ene ein, versuchten, diese zu deuten und wiesen au f die B edeutung der Pallidotom ie fü r die Besei tigung der Störungen hin. Die Serie dieser Aufzählungen Hesse sich noch beliebig w eiter fortsetzen.…”

Brain-stimulation reward: A review.

“…Judging from the effects of degenerative diseases (e.g., Huntington's chorea) and small experimental lesions (Mettler & Mettler, 1942), the striatum has an overall depressant effect on the motor system. Low-frequency stimulation stops ongoing learned behaviour (Buchwald, Wyers, Lauprecht, & Heuser, 1961) and cortically induced movement (Mettler, Ades, Lipman, & Culler, 1939). Lesions of the frontal cortex-hippocampus, and other areas with strong excitatory connections to the striatum tend to increase motor activity.…”

Motor Functions of the Basal Ganglia

“…A prevalent viewpoint has been that the basal ganglia, mainly the striatum, contribute to motor control by exerting an inhibitory action on motor mechanisms (289,297). This point of view became more influential after Mettler et al (193) showed that stimulation of the basal ganglia in animals awakening from anesthe-sia resulted in inhibition of cortically evoked movements. Subsequent investigations have confirmed that inhibitory effects can be evoked by basal ganglia stimulation, but several studies have also shown clearly that facilitatory effects can also be produced, thus making the hypothesis for an exclusively inhibitory role of the basal ganglia untenable.…”

“…Mettler et al (193) observed that limb movements elicited by stimulation of the motor cortex were inhibited by stimulation of the ipsilateral caudate nucleus, putamen, or claustrum in cats and monkeys that were awakening from anesthesia. The inhibition could not be obtained by stimulation of structures surrounding the caudate nucleus, i.e., the corpus callosum, corona radiata, or internal capsule.…”

über die Veränderungen der Vestibularisfunktion bei stereotaktischen Thalamus-Eingriffen am Menschen (Part 2 of 2)

“…Mettler, Ades, Liprnan und Culler (1939) [37] studierten die T onus änderungen der M uskulatur bei Reizungen der diversen Regionen des extrapyram idalen System s; M artin [36] lieferte eine generelle Be schreibung der H altungs-und Bewegungsstörungen bei den verschie denen Affektionen der Basalganglien; Ortliner und Roeder [48J gingen au f die Problem atik der Pulsionsphänom ene ein, versuchten, diese zu deuten und wiesen au f die B edeutung der Pallidotom ie fü r die Besei tigung der Störungen hin. Die Serie dieser Aufzählungen Hesse sich noch beliebig w eiter fortsetzen.…”

Brain-stimulation reward: A review.

“…Judging from the effects of degenerative diseases (e.g., Huntington's chorea) and small experimental lesions (Mettler & Mettler, 1942), the striatum has an overall depressant effect on the motor system. Low-frequency stimulation stops ongoing learned behaviour (Buchwald, Wyers, Lauprecht, & Heuser, 1961) and cortically induced movement (Mettler, Ades, Lipman, & Culler, 1939). Lesions of the frontal cortex-hippocampus, and other areas with strong excitatory connections to the striatum tend to increase motor activity.…”

Motor Functions of the Basal Ganglia

“…A prevalent viewpoint has been that the basal ganglia, mainly the striatum, contribute to motor control by exerting an inhibitory action on motor mechanisms (289,297). This point of view became more influential after Mettler et al (193) showed that stimulation of the basal ganglia in animals awakening from anesthe-sia resulted in inhibition of cortically evoked movements. Subsequent investigations have confirmed that inhibitory effects can be evoked by basal ganglia stimulation, but several studies have also shown clearly that facilitatory effects can also be produced, thus making the hypothesis for an exclusively inhibitory role of the basal ganglia untenable.…”

“…Mettler et al (193) observed that limb movements elicited by stimulation of the motor cortex were inhibited by stimulation of the ipsilateral caudate nucleus, putamen, or claustrum in cats and monkeys that were awakening from anesthesia. The inhibition could not be obtained by stimulation of structures surrounding the caudate nucleus, i.e., the corpus callosum, corona radiata, or internal capsule.…”

über die Veränderungen der Vestibularisfunktion bei stereotaktischen Thalamus-Eingriffen am Menschen (Part 2 of 2)

“…Mettler, Ades, Liprnan und Culler (1939) [37] studierten die T onus änderungen der M uskulatur bei Reizungen der diversen Regionen des extrapyram idalen System s; M artin [36] lieferte eine generelle Be schreibung der H altungs-und Bewegungsstörungen bei den verschie denen Affektionen der Basalganglien; Ortliner und Roeder [48J gingen au f die Problem atik der Pulsionsphänom ene ein, versuchten, diese zu deuten und wiesen au f die B edeutung der Pallidotom ie fü r die Besei tigung der Störungen hin. Die Serie dieser Aufzählungen Hesse sich noch beliebig w eiter fortsetzen.…”

Brain-stimulation reward: A review.

“…Judging from the effects of degenerative diseases (e.g., Huntington's chorea) and small experimental lesions (Mettler & Mettler, 1942), the striatum has an overall depressant effect on the motor system. Low-frequency stimulation stops ongoing learned behaviour (Buchwald, Wyers, Lauprecht, & Heuser, 1961) and cortically induced movement (Mettler, Ades, Lipman, & Culler, 1939). Lesions of the frontal cortex-hippocampus, and other areas with strong excitatory connections to the striatum tend to increase motor activity.…”

Motor Functions of the Basal Ganglia

“…A prevalent viewpoint has been that the basal ganglia, mainly the striatum, contribute to motor control by exerting an inhibitory action on motor mechanisms (289,297). This point of view became more influential after Mettler et al (193) showed that stimulation of the basal ganglia in animals awakening from anesthe-sia resulted in inhibition of cortically evoked movements. Subsequent investigations have confirmed that inhibitory effects can be evoked by basal ganglia stimulation, but several studies have also shown clearly that facilitatory effects can also be produced, thus making the hypothesis for an exclusively inhibitory role of the basal ganglia untenable.…”

“…Mettler et al (193) observed that limb movements elicited by stimulation of the motor cortex were inhibited by stimulation of the ipsilateral caudate nucleus, putamen, or claustrum in cats and monkeys that were awakening from anesthesia. The inhibition could not be obtained by stimulation of structures surrounding the caudate nucleus, i.e., the corpus callosum, corona radiata, or internal capsule.…”