The Evolution of Fishes through Geological Time

Long, John A.; Choo, Brian; Clement, Alice M.

doi:10.1017/9781316832172.002

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 156 publications

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“…Fishes constitute an important model for life history research because they occupy diverse environmental conditions and have been undergoing natural selection since the Cambrian Period, longer than any other vertebrate group (Long et al, 2019). Freshwater and marine fishes exhibit life history strategies within a trilateral continuum defined by opportunistic, periodic, and equilibrium endpoints (Heino et al, 2013; Mims et al, 2010; Winemiller, 1992; Winemiller & Rose, 1992).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life history strategies of stream fishes linked to predictors of hydrologic stability

Hitt

Landsman

Raesly

2022

Ecology and Evolution

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Life history theory provides a framework to understand environmental change based on species strategies for survival and reproduction under stable, cyclical, or stochastic environmental conditions. We evaluated environmental predictors of fish life history strategies in 20 streams intersecting a national park within the Potomac River basin in eastern North America. We sampled stream sites during 2018–2019 and collected 3801 individuals representing 51 species within 10 taxonomic families. We quantified life history strategies for species from their coordinates in an ordination space defined by trade‐offs in spawning season duration, fecundity, and parental care characteristic of opportunistic, periodic, and equilibrium strategies. Our analysis revealed important environmental predictors: Abundance of opportunistic strategists increased with low‐permeability soils that produce flashy runoff dynamics and decreased with karst terrain (carbonate bedrock) where groundwater inputs stabilize stream flow and temperature. Conversely, abundance of equilibrium strategists increased in karst terrain indicating a response to more stable environmental conditions. Our study indicated that fish community responses to groundwater and runoff processes may be explained by species traits for survival and reproduction. Our findings also suggest the utility of life history theory for understanding ecological responses to destabilized environmental conditions under global climate change.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life history strategies of stream fishes linked to predictors of hydrologic stability

Hitt

Landsman

Raesly

2022

Ecology and Evolution

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“…Two other major Mesozoic origins of viviparity are represented by Lamniformes and live‐bearing Carcharhiniformes, with estimated crown groups of 162 Mya (Jurassic) and 130 Mya (Cretaceous), respectively (Sorenson et al ., 2014). Yet another Mesozoic origin is represented by viviparous Batoidea, since the fossil record indicates that the group had diverged from the (oviparous) Rajiformes and radiated widely by the Cretaceous (Guinot & Cavin, 2016; Long et al ., 2019). Estimated divergence times of various familial and sub‐familial origins of viviparity range from the late Mesozoic ( Rhincodon ) to the Cenozoic (ginglymostomatids, pseudotriakids + proscylliids, and Galeus polli ) (Heinicke et al ., 2009; Sorenson et al ., 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to these patterns are diverse forms of egg-laying reproduction (Nakaya, White & Ho, 2020), most of which differ from oviparity in other vertebrates. Cartilaginous fishes originated in the Paleozoic Era [541-252 million years ago (Mya)] and most major extant clades were established in the Mesozoic Era (251-66 Mya) (Guinot & Cavin, 2016;Heinicke, Naylor & Hedges, 2009;Long, Choo & Clement, 2019). Evidence for both oviparity and viviparity in Chondrichthyes extends back to the Carboniferous Period (359-299 Mya) (Grogan & Lund, 2011;Mottequin et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic analysis of viviparity, matrotrophy, and other reproductive patterns in chondrichthyan fishes

Blackburn,

Hughes

2024

Biological Reviews

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The reproductive diversity of extant cartilaginous fishes (class Chondrichthyes) is extraordinarily broad, reflecting more than 400 million years of evolutionary history. Among their many notable reproductive specialisations are viviparity (live‐bearing reproduction) and matrotrophy (maternal provision of nutrients during gestation). However, attempts to understand the evolution of these traits have yielded highly discrepant conclusions. Here, we compile and analyse the current knowledge on the evolution of reproductive diversity in Chondrichthyes with particular foci on the frequency, phylogenetic distribution, and directionality of evolutionary changes in their modes of reproduction. To characterise the evolutionary transformations, we amassed the largest empirical data set of reproductive parameters to date covering nearly 800 extant species and analysed it via a comprehensive molecular‐based phylogeny. Our phylogenetic reconstructions indicated that the ancestral pattern for Chondrichthyes is ‘short single oviparity’ (as found in extant holocephalans) in which females lay successive clutches (broods) of one or two eggs. Viviparity has originated at least 12 times, with 10 origins among sharks, one in batoids, and (based on published evidence) another potential origin in a fossil holocephalan. Substantial matrotrophy has evolved at least six times, including one origin of placentotrophy, three separate origins of oophagy (egg ingestion), and two origins of histotrophy (uptake of uterine secretions). In two clades, placentation was replaced by histotrophy. Unlike past reconstructions, our analysis reveals no evidence that viviparity has ever reverted to oviparity in this group. Both viviparity and matrotrophy have arisen by a variety of evolutionary sequences. In addition, the ancestral pattern of oviparity has given rise to three distinct egg‐laying patterns that increased clutch (brood) size and/or involved deposition of eggs at advanced stages of development. Geologically, the ancestral oviparous pattern arose in the Paleozoic. Most origins of viviparity and matrotrophy date to the Mesozoic, while a few that are represented at low taxonomic levels are of Cenozoic origin. Coupled with other recent work, this review points the way towards an emerging consensus on reproductive evolution in chondrichthyans while offering a basis for future functional and evolutionary analyses. This review also contributes to conservation efforts by highlighting taxa whose reproductive specialisations reflect distinctive evolutionary trajectories and that deserve special protection and further investigation.

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“…The incredible diversity of fishes is astounding that is evident from their morphology, the habitat they occupy, their physiological adaptation, and behavior [3]. They have a long evolutionary history of origin and diversification that began in the Cambrian Period at least 520 million years ago [4]. They occupy all types of the aquatic environment, and to survive and colonize in different habitats, fishes have developed various types of anatomical, physiological, behavioral, and ecological adaptation and plays different types of biological and ecological roles [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perspective Chapter: Molecular Approach for the Study of Genetic Diversity and Conservation Prioritization of Fish Population

Ali¹,

Siva²

2022

Population Genetics

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Fishes are the most abundant vertebrates in the animal kingdom. They play important biological and ecological roles. Various anthropogenic and climatic factors have led to the decline of natural population and increased the risk of extinction. CBD emphasized the conservation of biodiversity at all levels from genes to ecosystems. However, little attention paid to genetic considerations in restoration efforts. Estimation of genetic diversity and population structure is inevitable for effective implementation of conservation management program. Available DNA markers like mitochondrial and microsatellite markers provide useful insight into understanding the genetic diversity status of fish population in the wild. The present chapter highlights the importance of genetic diversity and its determinants. Utility of mitochondrial and microsatellite markers shown through a case study of a threatened cyprinid species Neolissochilus hexagonolepis known as chocolate mahseer that is widely distributed in the North-eastern part of India. Presence of low genetic diversity confirmed its threatened status and further analysis based on various genetic parameters revealed the status of different stocks as well as the population structure of this species. The results obtained could be helpful in rehabilitation and conservation planning and prioritization for the maintenance of a viable population of this species.

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The Evolution of Fishes through Geological Time

Cited by 6 publications

References 156 publications

Life history strategies of stream fishes linked to predictors of hydrologic stability

Life history strategies of stream fishes linked to predictors of hydrologic stability

Phylogenetic analysis of viviparity, matrotrophy, and other reproductive patterns in chondrichthyan fishes

Perspective Chapter: Molecular Approach for the Study of Genetic Diversity and Conservation Prioritization of Fish Population

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