The etiology of vestibular disorder in infants at risk

Vestibular assessment in children aged zero to twelve years: an integrative review

“…After analyzing all the studies included in the integrative review, eight experimental studies were found, six of which were randomized clinical trials (level of evidence 2) 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 and two non-randomized ones (level of evidence 3) 18 , 19 ; eighteen observational studies (level of evidence 4) 5 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ; and six case studies (level of evidence 5), 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 according to the classification used. 11 …”

“…The included studies were carried out between the years 1969 and 2020, in the European, 5 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 18 , 21 , 22 , 27 , 36 , 41 American, 15 , 25 , 26 , 28 , 30 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 39 , 40 Asian 16 , 17 , 20 , 23 , 24 , 29 , 31 , 35 , 37 , 38 and African continents. 19 …”

“…The study participants’ age ranged from two days to twelve years old. The causes of referral of children for vestibular system assessment were diverse: hearing loss, 13 , 16 , 19 , 20 , 23 , 41 , 42 neonatal screening and/or maturation of the vestibular system, 5 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 32 , 36 learning deficit and/or poor school performance, 15 , 32 , 34 , 38 , 39 middle ear (ME) alterations and/or inner ear (IE) malformations, 17 , 24 , 28 , 31 at-risk and/or preterm infants, 12 , 18 , 22 cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, 25 , 27 attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 38 assessment of the sacculo-collic reflex, 21 , 37 migraine, 14 and benign paroxysmal vertigo in childhood. 35 …”

“…Vestibular assessment was performed in all studies included in this review. The individuals who participated in this study were mostly children, aged between two and twelve years, 14 , 15 , 16 , 19 , 20 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 31 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 38 – 41 followed by infants aged between one and twenty-four months 5 , 12 , 13 , 17 , 22 , 27 , 32 and finally, newborns, with up to 29 days of life. 17 , 21 , 29 , 30 , 36 , 37 …”

“…Among the included studies, all performed some type of neurotological evaluation and some associated it with other tests. The vestibular function of the included studies was evaluated through the following tests: thirteen studies used rotary chair testing (RCT), 15 , 18 , 20 , 23 , 25 , 27 , 28 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 38 , 40 , 41 eight used caloric stimulation, 13 , 15 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 33 , 36 fourteen studies performed the cervical-vestibular evoked myogenic potential (cVEMP), 5 , 12 , 16 , 17 , 19 , 23 , 25 , 27 , 29 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 40 seven studies performed electronystagmography or vectoelectronystagmography (VECTO), 14 , 20 , 24 , 28 , 32 , 33 , 36 three analyzed the presence of spontaneous nystagmus, 19 , 26 , 39 two studies used the video head impulse test (vHIT), 27 , 41 two studied the oculomotor function, 26 , 30 two studies performed the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) assessment, 21 , 38 one study performed the spinal vestibule reflex (SVR) assessment 14 and one applied the following tests: Romberg, Unterberger, Fukuda and Dix-Halpike. 13…”