The Epidemiology, Virology, and Pathogenicity of Human Infections with Avian Influenza Viruses

Wang, Dayang; Zhu, Wenfei; Yang, Lei; Shu, Yuelong

doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a038620

Cited by 46 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 136 publications

(162 reference statements)

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“…Influenza virus is a serious public health threat causing significant morbidity and mortality. Humans are under continual assault by seasonal influenza virus outbreaks as well as sporadic pandemics with the potential for widespread infection and disease 3 , 4 . Like all viruses, influenza virus exploits, and in some cases subverts, cellular proteins and pathways to promote replication.…”

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confidence: 99%

Influenza virus repurposes the antiviral protein IFIT2 to promote translation of viral mRNAs

et al. 2020

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Cells infected by influenza virus mount a large-scale antiviral response and most cells ultimately initiate cell-death pathways in an attempt to suppress viral replication. We performed a CRISPR/Cas9-knockout selection designed to identify host factors required for replication following viral entry. We identified a large class of presumptive antiviral factors that unexpectedly act as important pro-viral enhancers during influenza virus infection. One of these, IFIT2, is an interferon-stimulated gene with well-established antiviral activity but limited mechanistic understanding. As opposed to suppressing infection, we show here that IFIT2 is instead repurposed by influenza virus to promote viral gene expression. CLIP‐seq demonstrated that IFIT2 binds directly to viral and cellular mRNAs in AU‐rich regions, with bound cellular transcripts enriched in interferon‐stimulated mRNAs. Polysome and ribosome profiling revealed that IFIT2 prevents ribosome pausing on bound mRNAs. Together, the data link IFIT2 binding to enhanced translational efficiency for viral and cellular mRNAs and ultimately viral replication. Our findings establish a model for the normal function of IFIT2 as a protein that increases translation of cellular mRNAs to support antiviral responses and explain how influenza virus uses this same activity to redirect a classically antiviral protein into a pro-viral effector.

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Influenza virus repurposes the antiviral protein IFIT2 to promote translation of viral mRNAs

et al. 2020

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“…Cross-species transmission of avian IAV to humans is rare. In the past decades, sporadic human infections with AIVs, including the H5N1, H5N6, H6N1, H7N2, H7N3, H7N4, H7N7, H7N9, H9N2, H10N7, H10N8, H5N8, and H10N3 subtypes, have been reported [1][2][3]. Many of these zoonoses are "dead end": no subsequent transmission has been observed, and only a small number of cases have been reported.…”

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confidence: 99%

Poultry to Human Passport: Cross-species Transmission of Zoonotic H7N9 Avian Influenza Virus to Humans

2022

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Human infections with H7N9 avian influenza virus were first reported in the early spring of 2013, in the Yangtze-delta region of China. This virus subsequently caused five successive epidemic waves from 2013 to 2018 with highest reported cases in the last wave making this strain the most successful zoonosis influenza virus in humans in recent decades. No H7N9 human infections have been reported since 2019, probably because of the extensive vaccination of poultry. Although zoonoses of H7N9 and other subtypes of avian influenza viral infections remain rare, the virus could acquire sufficient mammalian adaptive mutations to allow it to cause a future influenza pandemic. Here, we summarize the main findings on viral and host factors affecting the interspecies transmission of the H7N9 avian influenza virus.

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“…Infections by HPAIV have a major social and economic impact in poultry because it can result in massive deaths in the farms, and has a potential for causing disease in humans [ 9 , 10 ]. In addition, global population expansion has provided new opportunities for spillover events.…”

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confidence: 99%

Genetic subtyping and phylogenetic analysis of HA and NA from avian influenza virus in wild birds from Peru reveals unique features among circulating strains in America

et al. 2022

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Avian influenza virus (AIV) represents a major concern with productive implications in poultry systems but it is also a zoonotic agent that possesses an intrinsic pandemic risk. AIV is an enveloped, negative-sense and single-stranded RNA virus with a segmented genome. The eight genomic segments, comprising the whole genome, encode for eleven proteins. Within these proteins, Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA) are the most relevant for studies of evolution and pathogenesis considering their role in viral replication, and have also been used for classification purposes. Migratory birds are the main hosts and play a pivotal role in viral evolution and dissemination due to their migratory routes that comprise large regions worldwide. Altogether, viral and reservoir factors contribute to the emergence of avian influenza viruses with novel features and pathogenic potentials. The study aimed to conduct surveillance of AIVs in wild birds from Peru. A multi-site screening of feces of migratory birds was performed to isolate viruses and to characterize the whole genome sequences, especially the genes coding for HA and NA proteins. Four-hundred-twenty-one (421) fecal samples, collected between March 2019 and March 2020 in Lima, were obtained from 21 species of wild birds. From these, we isolated five AIV from whimbrel, kelp gull, Franklin’s gulls and Mallard, which were of low pathogenicity, including four subtypes as H6N8, H13N6, H6N2 and H2N6. Genetic analysis of HA and NA genes revealed novel features in these viruses and phylogenetic analysis exhibited a close relationship with those identified in North America (US and Canada). Furthermore, H2N6 isolate presented a NA sequence with higher genetic relationship to Chilean isolates. These results highlight that the geographical factor is of major relevance in the evolution of AIV, suggesting that AIV circulating in Peru might represent a new site for the emergence of reassortant AIVs.

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The Epidemiology, Virology, and Pathogenicity of Human Infections with Avian Influenza Viruses

Cited by 46 publications

References 136 publications

Influenza virus repurposes the antiviral protein IFIT2 to promote translation of viral mRNAs

Influenza virus repurposes the antiviral protein IFIT2 to promote translation of viral mRNAs

Poultry to Human Passport: Cross-species Transmission of Zoonotic H7N9 Avian Influenza Virus to Humans

Genetic subtyping and phylogenetic analysis of HA and NA from avian influenza virus in wild birds from Peru reveals unique features among circulating strains in America

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