The epidemiology of alcohol, tobacco and other drug use among black youth.

Wallace, John M.; Forman, Tyrone A.; Guthrie, Barbara; Bachman, Jerald G.; O’Malley, Patrick M.; Johnston, Lloyd D.

doi:10.15288/jsa.1999.60.800

Cited by 81 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…24 Research suggests that illegal drugs are more prevalent in African American neighborhoods, and African American youth are more likely to witness drug sales and drug activity in their neighborhoods. 7,25,26 In one study, youth living in the most disadvantaged neighborhoods were more likely to be offered cocaine than youth living in relatively advantaged neighborhoods. 27 Social learning theory suggests that youth can learn about drugs and substance use by seeing substance use and drug selling in their immediate social environments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neighborhood Environment and Urban African American Marijuana Use during High School

et al. 2014

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African American male high school students have the highest rates of marijuana use among all racial, ethnic, and gender groups, yet there is limited research examining contextual factors salient to the African American community. The purpose of this study was to examine how neighborhood environment measured in 8th grade is related to longitudinal transitions in marijuana use during high school (9th to 12th grades) in a sample of urban African Americans. Four hundred and fifty-two African American children were interviewed annually beginning in 1st grade as part of a longitudinal field study in Baltimore city. Latent transition analysis indicated early in high school posed the greatest risk for initiation and progression of marijuana use. Community violence exposure was associated with an increased likelihood of transitioning from no marijuana use to infrequent use (adjusted odds ratios (AOR)=2.40, pG0.001). Higher perceived neighborhood disorder (AOR=3.20, p= 0.004), drug activity and sales in the neighborhood (AOR=2.28, p=0.028), and community violence exposure (AOR=4.54, pG0.001) were associated with an increased risk of transitioning from no use to frequent/problematic marijuana use. There was evidence for partial mediation of these associations by perceptions of harm and depressed mood. Drug activity and sales was associated with progression from infrequent to frequent and problematic use (AOR=2.87, p=0.029). African American youth living in urban environments with exposure to drug activity, violence, and neighborhood disorder are at increased risk for both initiation and progression to more frequent and problematic marijuana use during high school. These findings highlight the need to develop interventions for African American youth that are mindful of the impact of the additional stressors of living in a highrisk urban environment during a critical developmental transition period. Reducing exposure to drug activity and violence in high-risk urban neighborhoods may be the first step to potentially halt increasing rates of marijuana use among African Americans.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neighborhood Environment and Urban African American Marijuana Use during High School

et al. 2014

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“…One possible explanation for these differential fi ndings is that Blacks tend to have later onset of both drinking and heavy drinking (Jones-Webb, 1998;Wallace et al, 1999), and to have longer and more stable heavy drinking trajectories (Caetano & Kaskutas, 1995), whereas White men tend to exhibit marked declines in heavy drinking as they transition out of their 20s (Caetano, 1991). Although age is controlled for in our models, it may be that younger heavier drinkers are more injury prone through increased risk taking or lower alcohol tolerance, both of which may be more prevalent among Whites (i.e., age may play a differential role in ARI across race/ethnicity, exhibiting a modifying rather than a confounding effect).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship of Usual Volume and Heavy Consumption to Risk of Alcohol-Related Injury: Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Four U.S. National Alcohol Surveys

Cherpitel

Kerr

2016

J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs

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ABSTRACT. Objective: National population data on racial/ethnic disparities and risk of alcohol-related injury are scarce. Alcohol-related injury and drinking patterns are examined in a sample of respondents from four (1995, 2000, 2005, 2010) U.S. National Alcohol Surveys using risk function analysis. Method: Self-reported consumption of 15,476 current drinkers was assessed as the average number of drinks consumed monthly and, separately, the frequency of consuming fi ve or more drinks in a day (5+ days) in the last year. Alcohol-related injury was defi ned as drinking within 6 hours before the event. Risk curves were defi ned, separately for Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics, using fractional polynomial regression. Results: Risk was greatest for Hispanics to 110 drinks per month (3-4 drinks per day) and above 240 drinks per month, whereas risk was greatest for Whites between these levels. Blacks were at lower risk at all monthly volume levels when demographic and socioeconomic status characteristics were controlled for. Whites had the highest risk of an alcohol-related injury based on 5+ drinking days at all levels up to nearly daily 5+ drinking, whereas Blacks had the lowest risk at all levels of 5+ drinking. Conclusions: A disparity in alcohol-related injury was found for Hispanics compared with Whites at the same average monthly volume of consumption at lower and higher volume levels, but not at the same number of 5+ drinking days, and a lower risk of alcoholrelated injury was found for Blacks for both consumption measures when demographic and socioeconomic status characteristics were taken into account. Although exposure to hazards other than alcohol, which could account for some of the racial/ethnic disparity observed, was not taken into account, these mixed fi ndings suggest this is an important area deserving future research attention. (J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs, 77, 58-67, 2016)

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“…Epidemiological studies show that marijuana is still a widely used illicit drug particularly in youth in many countries, and during the past decades, there is a growing interest on its potential side effects [30][31][32][33].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ophthalmological assessment of cannabis-induced persisting perception disorder: Is there a direct retinal effect?

et al. 2015

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Our findings suggest a direct effect of cannabinoids on the retina and retinal pigment epithelium function, which may be involved in disturbances of the visual function experienced after drug consumption. The observations presented here may contribute to the elucidation of the detailed mechanism. Furthermore, EOG and EPT measurements may be useful tools to demonstrate long-term retinal alterations in cannabis-induced HPPD in patients.

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The epidemiology of alcohol, tobacco and other drug use among black youth.

Cited by 81 publications

References 9 publications

Neighborhood Environment and Urban African American Marijuana Use during High School

Neighborhood Environment and Urban African American Marijuana Use during High School

Relationship of Usual Volume and Heavy Consumption to Risk of Alcohol-Related Injury: Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Four U.S. National Alcohol Surveys

Ophthalmological assessment of cannabis-induced persisting perception disorder: Is there a direct retinal effect?

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