The enhancement of cortical excitability over the DLPFC before and during training impairs categorization in the prototype distortion task

The Uncertain Outcome of Prefrontal tDCS

“…Was shown to decrease : a) working memory performance [21]; b) executive function performance (mental flexibility: [22]); c) verbal and semantic performance (visual priming effect:[23]; word fluency task:[18]); d) fear memory consolidation [17]; e) verbal memory performance [17,25-28]). Was shown to increase : a) working memory performance [29]; b) semantic processing performance [30-31]; c) executive functioning performance (planning: [15]).…”

“…Was shown to decrease : a) working memory performance [36]; b) risk taking behaviors [37]; c) negative emotions perception [38-39]; d) categorization learning [28]); e) executive functioning performance only in a COMT Met-Met group (cognitive flexibility [40]). Was shown to increase : a) working memory performance [21,41-49]; b) positive emotion processing [50-52]; c) pain thresholds [53] ; d) performance on verbal tasks (verbal; word retrieval:[54]; word fluency:[18]); e) executive function performance (mental flexibility: [22]; inhibition: [46]; problem solving: [24,55-56]; planning [15]); f) control of negative emotions [39,57]; g) memory performance and learning [25,27,58-60].…”

Right Hemisphere Advantage in Statistical Learning: Evidence From a Probabilistic Sequence Learning Task

“…Based on the standard stimulation protocol, a direct current of 1 mA amplitude for a 10 min duration was provided by a NeuroConn (Ilmenau, Germany) stimulator [18]. The stimulation was delivered by two rubber electrodes placed in saline-soaked sponges cut to 5 Â 7 cm (with the longer axis placed in the anterior-posterior direction) and fixed in place by two rubber bands fastened around the participant's head.…”

“…The current was ramped up to maximum at the beginning over 30 s, remained at 1 mA for 600 s (real stimulation conditions), and then ramped down to 0 mA over 30 s. The stimulation set-up remained fixed on the participant's head throughout the task. Following the protocol of Ambrus et al's study [18], a 30 s long stimulation (with an additional 30-s ramp-up and a 30-s ramp-down period) was used in the control (sham) group in order to blind the participants about whether they were assigned to the experimental (real stimulation) or to the control group (single-blinded design). A recent resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study has shown that a short (e.g., 30 s) tDCS protocol for the sham condition does not have a significant effect on brain dynamics compared to the active tDCS [22], proving it to be an appropriate control condition for investigating the effect of stimulation.…”

Bursts of transcranial electrical stimulation increase arousal in a continuous performance test

“…For this reason, we paid considerable attention to this matter during the experimental set-up phase. Different studies investigating the sensations induced by tES had already reported that random noise is the "less perceived" stimulation compared to the other types (Ambrus et al, 2011(Ambrus et al, , 2010Fertonani et al, 2011;Pirulli et al, 2013). Here, however, we applied bursts of stimulation instead of the classical stimulation for several minutes, which could increase the degree of perceived sensations.…”