The End of the Sunscreen and Melanoma Controversy?

Bigby, Michael

doi:10.1001/archderm.140.6.745

Cited by 19 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…However, two separate reviews failed to find correlations between sunscreen use and melanoma risk. [48][49][50] While sun protection is still recommended, its benefit may vary because of the role of individual genetic factors in melanoma development. 51 The multifactorial nature of melanoma may partly explain the inconsistent associations found between sunscreen use and melanoma development.…”

Section: Photocarcinogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Sunscreens: An overview and update

Sambandan

Ratner

2011

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology

287

225

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Section: Photocarcinogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Sunscreens: An overview and update

Sambandan

Ratner

2011

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology

287

225

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“…Because of the extremely small size of the nanoparticles being used, there is a concern that they may be able to cross cellular membranes and interact directly with macromolecules such as DNA 12,17,56 . A late cytotoxic action of ZnO sunscreen in skin, as suggested in the present study, may be associated with adverse effects when sunscreen users increase time spent in the sun 6,56,57 . The small quantity of Zn 2+ that accumulates in the space between the sunscreen film and skin may be enough to cause detrimental action and may pose long‐term health risks over time.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

UV irradiation‐induced zinc dissociation from commercial zinc oxide sunscreen and its action in human epidermal keratinocytes

Martorano

Stork

2010

J of Cosmetic Dermatology

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Zinc oxide (ZnO) is an active ingredient in sunscreen owing to its properties of broadly filtering the ultraviolet (UV) light spectrum and it is used to protect against the carcinogenic and photodamaging effects of solar radiation on the skin. This study investigated the dissociation of zinc (Zn(2+) ) from ZnO in commercial sunscreens under ultraviolet type B light (UVB) irradiation and assessed the cytotoxicity of Zn(2+) accumulation in human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK). Using Zn(2+) fluorescent microscopy, we observed a significant increase in Zn(2+) when ZnO sunscreens were irradiated by UVB light. The amount of Zn(2+) increase was dependent on both the irradiation intensity as well as on the ZnO concentration. A reduction in cell viability as a function of ZnO concentration was observed with cytotoxic assays. In a real-time cytotoxicity assay using propidium iodide, the treatment of UVB-irradiated ZnO sunscreen caused a late- or delayed-type cytotoxicity in HEK. The addition of a Zn(2+) chelator provided a protective effect against cellular death in all assays. Furthermore, Zn(2+) was found to induce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in HEK. Our data suggest that UVB irradiation produces an increase in Zn(2+) dissociation in ZnO sunscreen and, consequently, the accumulation of free or labile Zn(2+) from sunscreen causes cytotoxicity and oxidative stress.

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“…[7][8][9] A quick hand search of the 59 original studies published in the 2007 Archives of Dermatology showed that there were 25 (42%) retrospective and prospective cohort studies, 4 (7%) crosssectional studies, and 9 (16%) case series. In dermatology, the controversies about sunscreen use and melanoma risk, the treatment of toxic epidermal necrolysis with intravenous ␥-globulins, and isotretinoininduced suicide illustrate the potential of invalid inferences from observational studies that fail to adhere to recommendations such as STROBE.…”

Section: Commentmentioning

confidence: 99%