The emergence of Schmallenberg virus across Culicoides communities and ecosystems in Europe

Balenghien, Thomas; Pagès, Nonito; Goffredo, Maria; Carpenter, Simon; Augot, Denis; Jacquier, Elisabeth; Talavera, Sandra; Monaco, Federica; Depaquit, Jérôme; Grillet, Colette; Pujols, Joan; Satta, Giuseppe; Kasbari, Mohamed; Setier-Rio, Marie-Laure; Izzo, Francesca; Alkan, Cigdem; Delecolle, Jean Claude; Quaglia, Michela; Charrel, Rémi N.; Polci, Andrea; Bréard, Emmanuel; Federici,; Cêtre-Sossah, Catherine; Garros, Claire

doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.03.007

Cited by 87 publications

(118 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The results confirm those that identified SBV RNA in the heads of these species in close proximity to ruminants in the Netherlands [15], Belgium [17] Fig. 2 and France [14]. Blood-feeding of Culicoides on pledglets was also demonstrated to underestimate rates of susceptibility to infection, as found previously with BTV [30,31].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…A high rate of vector competence for SBV in Culicoides is hypothesised to be at least partly responsible for driving the rapid geographic spread of the virus in Europe [14,15,63]. While the preliminary data provided in the current study shows that susceptibility to infection with SBV is low, significant variation in vector susceptibility to infection according to population tested has been documented for Culicoides of the subgenus Avaritia in the UK for BTV [30].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 48%

“…This hypothesis was confirmed by a series of field-based trials in Belgium, the Netherlands and France that detected significant quantities of SBV RNA in Culicoides collected in close proximity to livestock [14][15][16][17][18], while failing to detect virus in mosquitoes [19]. Techniques to assess the probability of field transmission of SBV by Culicoides and mosquitoes were standardised using colony lines of Culicoides sonorensis Wirth & Jones and Culicoides nubeculosus (Meigen) infected using artificial membrane-based techniques [20,21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Blood-feeding, susceptibility to infection with Schmallenberg virus and phylogenetics of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from the United Kingdom

Barber¹,

Harrup²,

Silk³

et al. 2018

Parasites Vectors

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Background: Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are responsible for the biological transmission of internationally important arboviruses of livestock. In 2011, a novel Orthobunyavirus was discovered in northern Europe causing congenital malformations and abortions in ruminants. From field studies, Culicoides were implicated in the transmission of this virus which was subsequently named Schmallenberg virus (SBV), but to date no assessment of susceptibility to infection of field populations under standardised laboratory conditions has been carried out. We assessed the influence of membrane type (chick skin, collagen, Parafilm M®) when offered in conjunction with an artificial blood-feeding system (Hemotek, UK) on field-collected Culicoides blood-feeding rates. Susceptibility to infection with SBV following blood-feeding on an SBV-blood suspension provided via either (i) the Hemotek system or via (ii) a saturated cotton wool pledglet was then compared. Schmallenberg virus susceptibility was defined by RT-qPCR of RNA extractions of head homogenates and related to Culicoides species and haplotype identifications based on the DNA barcode region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 (cox1) gene. Results: Culicoides blood-feeding rates were low across all membrane types tested (7.5% chick skin, 0.0% for collagen, 4.4% Parafilm M®, with 6029 female Culicoides being offered a blood meal in total). Susceptibility to infection with SBV through membrane blood-feeding (8 of 109 individuals tested) and pledglet blood-feeding (1 of 94 individuals tested) was demonstrated for the Obsoletus complex, with both C. obsoletus (Meigen) and C. scoticus Downes & Kettle susceptible to infection with SBV through oral feeding. Potential evidence of cryptic species within UK populations was found for the Obsoletus complex in phylogenetic analyses of cox1 DNA barcodes of 74 individuals assessed from a single field-site. Conclusions: Methods described in this study provide the means to blood-feed Palaearctic Culicoides for vector competence studies and colonisation attempts. Susceptibility to SBV infection was 7.3% for membrane-fed members of the subgenus Avaritia and 1.1% for pledglet-fed. Both C. obsoletus and C. scoticus were confirmed as being susceptible to infection with SBV, with potential evidence of cryptic species within UK Obsoletus complex specimens, however the implications of cryptic diversity in the Obsoletus complex on arbovirus transmission remains unknown.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 48%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Blood-feeding, susceptibility to infection with Schmallenberg virus and phylogenetics of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from the United Kingdom

Barber¹,

Harrup²,

Silk³

et al. 2018

Parasites Vectors

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“…Studies in Belgium, Netherlands and France Elbers et. al., 2013a;Balenghien et. al., 2014) also suggest a high probability that C. obsoletus, C. scoticus and C. chiopterus have a role as vectors of SBV in northern Europe.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Schmallenberg virus: State of Art

2014

EFS2

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This scientific report provides an overview of all research carried out on Schmallenberg virus (SBV), reviewing the current knowledge on SBV regarding genotyping findings, susceptible species, pathogenesis, transmission routes, immunity, seroprevalence, geographical and temporal SBV spread, improved within-herd transmission model, SBV impact assessment and within-herd and regional spread models. Metagenomic analysis identified SBV as a novel orthobunyavirus emerged in 2011 and it has been detected in domestic cattle, sheep, goats and 12 wild species. Seroprevalence studies indicate that SBV has probably spread over the whole of Europe, showing high seroprevalence at national scale, while larger variability is observed at regional scales. Clinical disease frequency is low and experimental infection on pregnant ewes and cows suggest that SBV rarely induces malformations. SBV may be detected from semen with a low frequency though there is no scientific evidence of transmission through insemination. Vector competence studies suggest that Culicoides are likely to be able to transmit SBV but found no evidence that mosquitoes are likely to be able to transmit it. SBV vertical transmission has not yet been identified as a major route. SBV has successfully overwintered, despite lengthy period of minimal vector activity and duration of immunity in cattle lasts for at least one year. A farm-to-farm spread model for SBV shows a rapid spread of infection across the study region and latent period, duration of viraemia, probability of transmission from host to vector and virus replication are sufficient to account for the rapid SBV spread. The between-farm SBV transmission model indicates that the application of movement restrictions has little effect on SBV spread. An impact assessment based on limited data suggests a probable effect of SBV infection on abortion, short gestation, non-return and the number of artificial inseminations required per animal. International trade restrictions by third countries represent the main SBV impact.

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“…(C. obsoletus complex, C. dewulfi, C. chiopterus, C. pulicaris) vektörlerle nakledilmektedir (12,18). SBV'nin kısa sürede birçok farklı coğrafik alanda belirlenmesi, vektörlerin aktivitelerine bağlanmaktadır (3,12). Uçuş mesafeleri çok uzun olmayan Culicoides'lerin özellikle organik maddelerce zengin nemli topraklarda, drenaj kanallarında, göletlerde, kanalizasyonlarda, derelerde, su birikintilerinde ve ağaç kovuklarında üredikleri belirtilmektedir (8).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Kırıkkale’de yetiştirilen koyunlarda Schmallenberg virüs seroprevalansı ve bazı coğrafi özelliklerle ilişkisi

AZKUR

2017

Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi

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Özet: Avrupa'da 2011 yılında ruminantları etkileyen yeni bir virüs belirlenmiştir. Schmallenberg olarak isimlendirilen bu virü-sün Türkiye'deki yaygınlığı üzerine yapılan çalışmalar oldukça sınırlı sayıdadır. Bu çalışmada; koyun yetiştiriciliğinde büyük ekonomik kayıplara neden olan Schmallenberg virüsün (SBV) seroprevalansı ve Culicoides'lerle nakledilmesinden dolayı bazı coğrafi özel-likler (rakım, büyük su kaynaklarına yakın olması) ile seroprevalans arası ilişkinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla, Kırıkkale merkez ve ilçelerinde, 684 ile 1219 m arası rakımda bulunan, 38 koyun sürüsündeki 1038 hayvandan (969 koyun, 69 koç) kan serum örneği alınarak ticari ELISA kiti ile SBV özgül antikorları yönünden değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmaya alınan hayvanların yaşları ≥2 -<4 (n=517), ≥4 -<6 (n=474), ≥6 (n=47) olarak gruplandırılmıştır. Örneklenen hayvanların %0.38'i (4/1038) pozitif, %0.57'si (6/1038) şüpheli olarak değerlendirilmiştir. SBV antikorları yönünden pozitif olarak belirlenen dört hayvanın birinin koç, üçünün koyun; şüpheli olarak değerlendirilen altı hayvanın ise birinin koç, beşinin koyun olduğu belirlenmiştir. Pozitif ve şüpheli olarak belirlenen hayvanların bulunduğu sürülerin belli bir rakımda yoğunlaşmadığı ve bu sürülerin yarısının büyük su kaynaklarına yakın olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. SBV yönünden pozitif örnek sayısı az olduğu için seroprevalansı ile yaş grupları, cinsiyet ve bazı coğrafi özellikler arasındaki ilişki istatistiksel olarak değerlendirilmemiştir. Kırıkkale'de yetiştirilen koyunlarda, SBV seroprevalansının araştırıldığı bu çalışma ile enfeksiyonun varlığı ilk kez ortaya konulmuş olup, abortus/anomalili yavru doğumları gözlenen sürülerde, söz konusu enfeksiyonun da araştırılmasının uygun olabileceği kanısına varılmıştır.Anahtar sözcükler: Coğrafi özellikler, Kırıkkale, koyun, Schmallenberg virüs, seroprevalans.Seroprevalance of Schmallenberg virus and its relationship with some geographical features in sheep reared in Kirikkale* Summary: A virus, which effects ruminants, was firstly described in 2011 in Europe. There are limited information about this virus called Schmallenberg in Turkey. The aim of the present study was to determine the seroprevalance of Schmallenberg virus (SBV), which may cause major economic losses to sheep, and the association between seroprevalance and some geographical features (e.g. altitude, near a large water source) because of transmission by Culicoides spp. Blood samples from 1038 animals (969 ewes, 69 rams) in 38 flocks were collected and evaluated with a commercial ELISA kit in terms of specific antibody for SBV in centrum and eight towns of Kirikkale, where the altitudes ranges from 684 to 1219 meters. Age groups of the animals were determined as ≥2 -<4 (n= 517), ≥4 -<6 (n= 474) and ≥6 (n= 47) years old. The samples of Schmallenberg virus specific antibody detected as positive and suspected were 0.38% (4/1038) and 0.57% (6/1038), respectively. One out of four Schmallenberg virus specific antibody positive animals was ram, the others were ewes. On th...

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The emergence of Schmallenberg virus across Culicoides communities and ecosystems in Europe

Cited by 87 publications

References 33 publications

Blood-feeding, susceptibility to infection with Schmallenberg virus and phylogenetics of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from the United Kingdom

Blood-feeding, susceptibility to infection with Schmallenberg virus and phylogenetics of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from the United Kingdom

Schmallenberg virus: State of Art

Kırıkkale’de yetiştirilen koyunlarda Schmallenberg virüs seroprevalansı ve bazı coğrafi özelliklerle ilişkisi

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