The effects of vitamin D and probiotic co-supplementation on glucose homeostasis, inflammation, oxidative stress and pregnancy outcomes in gestational diabetes: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Associations of Dietary Bioactive Compounds with Maternal Adiposity and Inflammation in Gestational Diabetes: An Update on Observational and Clinical Studies

“…The 17 RCTs originated from China [ 48 , 49 ], Iran [ 39 , 40 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 ], and the USA [ 63 ] ( Table 2 ). Fourteen of the RCTs [ 39 , 40 , 48 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 62 ] were double blinded, and three were not [ 49 , 61 , 63 ]. Women were aged in their twenties [ 39 , 40 , 48 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 58 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 ] and thirties [ 53 , 57 , 59 ] in 13 and thre...…”

“…Women were aged in their twenties [ 39 , 40 , 48 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 58 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 ] and thirties [ 53 , 57 , 59 ] in 13 and three trials, respectively. Eleven trials included women with overweight and GDM [ 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 60 , 61 ], and five trials included women with obesity and GDM [ 39 , 40 , 48 , 59 , 62 , 63 ]. The one remaining trial reported that women were over 20 years of age but did not report the mean or SD for age or BMI [ 49 ].…”

“…Three RCTs provided probiotics to women with GDM [ 39 , 40 , 52 , 57 ]. Jamilian et al (2019) reported that, compared to the vitamin D placebo plus probiotic placebo, the vitamin D plus probiotic decreased hs-CRP (β = −1.80 mg/L, p < 0.001) and MDA (β = −0.43 μmol/L, p = 0.01), and increased TAC (β = +97.77 mmol/L, p < 0.001) [ 52 ]. Compared to the vitamin D placebo plus probiotic (i.e., probiotic only), vitamin D plus probiotic increased GSH (β = +53.61 μmol/L, p = 0.04) and TAC (β = +63.26 mmol/L, p = 0.006).…”

“…Compared to the vitamin D placebo plus probiotic (i.e., probiotic only), vitamin D plus probiotic increased GSH (β = +53.61 μmol/L, p = 0.04) and TAC (β = +63.26 mmol/L, p = 0.006). The probiotic alone decreased hs-CRP (β = −1.36 mg/L, p < 0.001) and MDA (β = −0.50 μmol/L, p = 0.005) compared to vitamin D placebo plus probiotic placebo group (i.e., neither vitamin D nor probiotic) [ 52 ]. In another RCT, Hajifaraji et al (2018) and Dolatkah et al (2015) reported that a probiotic decreased hs-CRP, TNF-⍺, and MDA by 9% ( p = 0.019), 2% ( p = 0.009), and 20% ( p = 0.002), respectively, compared to the placebo [ 39 , 40 ].…”

“…Probiotics, either alone or in conjunction with vitamin D, improved several biomarkers of inflammation, including hs-CRP, MDA, IL-6, and TNF-α in GDM [ 39 , 40 , 52 , 57 ]. Synbiotics also improved hs-CRP, GSH, and TAC [ 54 , 55 ].…”