The effects of vitamin D supplementation on mental health, and biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in patients with psychiatric disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Jamilian, Hamidreza; Amirani, Elaheh; Milajerdi, Alireza; Kolahdooz, Fariba; Mirzaei, Hamed; Zaroudi, Marsa; Ghaderi, Amir; Asemi, Zatollah

doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109651

Cited by 72 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Although these studies do not prove a cause-effect relationship, they provide a basis for future studies to investigate possible positive effects of vitamin D supplementation on improving health status and reducing the risk of developing diseases. They also enable possible prognostic and potential therapeutic role of vitamin D supplementation for dogs and cats affected by different diseases, as already demonstrated in other species as humans (Correa Freitas et al, 2019;Dalbeni, Scaturro, Degan, Minuz, & Delva, 2014;Gotsman et al, 2012;Jamilian et al, 2019;Salehpour, Hosseini, Nazari, Hosseini, & Saharkhiz, 2019;Schleithoff et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Vitamin D metabolism in dogs and cats and its relation to diseases not associated with bone metabolism

Zafalon

Risolia

Pedrinelli

et al. 2019

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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Due to the presence of receptors in the cells of numerous body tissues, vitamin D is associated with several physiological functions that go beyond calcium and phosphorus homoeostasis and control of bone metabolism in the body. In humans, several studies have associated lower vitamin D concentrations with numerous diseases, such as cancer, heart disease, autoimmune diseases and infectious diseases, and also with an increase in the total mortality rate of the population. Recently, this nutrient started to gain importance in veterinary medicine, and several articles have shown a correlation between low vitamin D status and diseases unrelated to bone metabolism. The present review aims to highlight the recent publications that investigated this relationship, bringing the evidence that exists so far in dogs and cats. K E Y W O R D S1,25(OH)2D, 25(OH)D, calcidiol, calcitriol, cholecalciferol, hypovitaminosis D

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Vitamin D metabolism in dogs and cats and its relation to diseases not associated with bone metabolism

Zafalon

Risolia

Pedrinelli

et al. 2019

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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“…In this light, we would have liked to assess country-level information on other nutrients that could alter the risk of PTB [84][85][86] or depression 87,88 or both (e.g. folate 89,90 and vitamin D 85,91 ). Country-level information on the number of previous births or preterm births was not available, but we note that these variables might be inappropriate to adjust for 92,93 even if they were available, as we do not have a priori expectations on how these could affect the results.…”

Section: Preterm Birthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this study our hypotheses, data, analyses, observations, and inferences were all on the country-level. Nonetheless, we made these group-level hypotheses because a wide variety of prior studies on the individuallevel (laboratory, observational epidemiology, and RCT findings) indicate that low Omega-3 intake can cause depression 39,78,91,98 and PTB 25,37,41,99 . We acknowledge that group-level analyses have drawbacks when they are used in isolation to make inferences on the individual-level (the ecologic fallacy) 100 but we emphasize that they also have clear advantages with exposures that are hard estimate on the individual-level (e.g.…”

Section: Preterm Birthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low Omega-3 intake is associated with high rates of depression and preterm birth on the country level

Ciesielski

Williams

2020

Sci Rep

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Low circulating levels of long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC omega-3 PUFA) have been linked to major depressive disorder (MDD) and preterm birth (PTB), and prenatal depression associates with PTB. We therefore hypothesized that low Omega-3 intake would associate with higher MDD and PTB rates on the country-level. To test this hypothesis, we obtained country-level estimates for omega-3 intake, MDD prevalence, PTB rate, and per capita income for 184 countries in 2010. We then estimated the LC omega-3 PUFA levels that these intakes produce by accounting for direct consumption and the endogenous conversion of ingested plant-based precursors. Penalized splines indicated that MDD and PTB rates decreased linearly with increasing LC omega-3 PUFA, up to ~ 1000 mg/day for MDD and up to ~ 550 mg/day for PTB. Adjusted linear regression models below these thresholds revealed that a one standard deviation increase in LC omega-3 PUFA (380 mg/day) was associated with an MDD decrease of 5 cases/1000 people and a PTB decrease of 15 cases/1000 livebirths. In light of the extensive prior evidence on the individual-level, these findings indicate that low intake of LC omega-3 PUFA and its precursors may be elevating MDD and PTB rates in 85% of the countries studied.

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“…The decrease of osteoporosis incidence is a sufficient cause for the decrease of fracture incidence, but not a necessary cause. That said, decrease of osteoporosis incidence results in a decrease of fracture incidence (Possibility I in Figure 2), but a decrease of fracture incidence does not necessarily indicate 16,17 , cognitive abilities 18,19,20 , depression 21,22 , and the improved conditions make protective &/or preventive measures for fractures more effective. Figure 2.…”

Section: Fracture Prevention Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Critical thinking is crucial to correctly interpret the possible results. For example, if osteoporosis incidence does not significantly decrease, but fracture incidence is significantly reduced in patients on the supplement (Possibility III in Figure 2), this result may indicate that the supplement has beneficial effects on sleep 16,17 , cognitive abilities [18][19][20] , and depression 21,22 . The improvement of these mental conditions makes protective or preventive measures for fractures more effective.…”

Section: Fracture Prevention Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical thinking about three meta-analyses: can vitamin D alone or with calcium prevent fractures?

Fan

Xiao²

2019

Current Medical Research and Opinion

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Critical thinking is crucially important in both research and practice. This article demonstrates that a lack of critical thinking in two meta-analyses resulted in a conclusion that contradicts another meta-analysis and popular opinions. Kahwati et al. and Zhao et al. drew a conclusion that "Vitamin D supplementation alone or with calcium was not associated with reduced fracture incidence among community-dwelling adults without known vitamin D deficiency, osteoporosis, or prior fracture", which apparently contradicted that of Tang et al. Kahwati et al. and Zhao et al. meta-analyzed vitamin D and/or calcium supplementation, which can decrease fracture risk factors, in a population with no known disorders of bone metabolism or vitamin D deficiency. They concluded that supplementation did not reduce fracture incidence. It is important to note that osteoporosis, which supplementation can prevent, and fractures are two distinct concepts. Zhao et al. presented their conclusion without including the conditions under which their conclusion was true. Subsequently, their conclusion was misleadingly interpreted by the public media as "Vitamin D and Calcium Don't Prevent Bone Fractures" and "Vitamin D Does Not Prevent Falls, Calcium Does Not Prevent Fractures-A $2 Billion Waste of Money". If study conclusions do not specify the applicable conditions, guidelines on medications, including supplements, are clinically unacceptable. Researchers must critically think about every step of their studies, including the way their conclusions are presented.

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The effects of vitamin D supplementation on mental health, and biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in patients with psychiatric disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Cited by 72 publications

References 42 publications

Vitamin D metabolism in dogs and cats and its relation to diseases not associated with bone metabolism

Vitamin D metabolism in dogs and cats and its relation to diseases not associated with bone metabolism

Low Omega-3 intake is associated with high rates of depression and preterm birth on the country level

Critical thinking about three meta-analyses: can vitamin D alone or with calcium prevent fractures?

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