“…Previous studies have also examined the effects of lexical and phraseological features in L2 written and spoken responses on human ratings of L2 performances. Studies have reported that lexical complexity is predictive of L2 writing (e.g., Biber et al, 2016;Kyle and Crossley, 2016;Kim et al, 2018) and L2 speaking (e.g., Crossley et al, 2011;Eguchi and Kyle, 2020), and that phraseological complexity (when measured by MI and not t-scores) is predictive of L2 writing (e.g., Bestgen and Granger, 2018;Kim et al, 2018;Garner et al, 2019;Paquot, 2019) and L2 speaking (e.g., Eguchi and Kyle, 2020;Saito, 2020;Uchihara et al, 2021). Findings from these studies suggest that producing more complex lexical units and more strongly associated phraseological units is associated with better L2 written and spoken performances.…”