The effects of lifelong cognitive lifestyle on executive function in older people with Parkinson's disease

Hindle, John V.; Martin-Forbes, Pamela A.; Martyr, Anthony; Bastable, Alexandra J.M.; Pye, Kirstie L.; Gathercole, Virginia C. Mueller; Clare, Linda

doi:10.1002/gps.4677

Cited by 18 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…The reported contrasting findings obtained in animals are not considerably more clarifying than the data provided by research in humans, which reports conflicting evidence about beneficial effects of enhanced experience on executive functions, when evaluated in different domains and pathological conditions (Darby et al, 2017; Hindle et al, 2017; MacPherson et al, 2019). At the current status of investigation, animal studies seem not significantly take advantage of the superior chance of variable and measure control in respect to the human studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Does Experience Enhance Cognitive Flexibility? An Overview of the Evidence Provided by the Environmental Enrichment Studies

Gelfo

2019

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

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Neuroplasticity accounts for the ability of the brain to change in both structure and function in consequence of life experiences. An enhanced stimulation provided by the environment is able to create a form of brain, neural, and cognitive reserve, which allows an individual to cope better with the environmental demands, also in case of neural damage leading to cognitive decline. With its complex manipulation of several stimuli, the animal experimental paradigm of environmental enrichment (EE) appears particularly effective in modulating the ability to successfully respond to the ever-changing characteristics of the environment. According to this point, it could be very relevant to analyze the specific effects of EE on cognitive flexibility (CF). CF could be defined as the ability to effectively change behavior in response to the environmental condition changing. This review article is specifically aimed to summarize and focus on the available evidence in relation to the effects of EE on CF. To this aim, findings obtained in behavioral tasks specifically structured to investigate animal CF, such as reversal learning and attentional set-shifting tests (tasks based on the request of responding to a rewarding rule that changes, within one or multiple perceptual dimensions), are reviewed. Data provided on the structural and biochemical correlates of these findings are also enumerated. Studies realized in healthy animals and also in pathological models are considered. On the whole, the summarized evidence clearly supports the specific beneficial effects of EE on CF. However, further studies on this key topic are strictly required to gain a comprehensive and detailed framework on the mechanisms by which an enhanced stimulation could improve CF.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Does Experience Enhance Cognitive Flexibility? An Overview of the Evidence Provided by the Environmental Enrichment Studies

Gelfo

2019

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

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“…Contrary to other domains, a relevant number of studies failed to establish a link between life experiences and a better performance in EF tasks. For instance, Hindle et al (2017) in a recent study reported no difference between high and low CR Parkinson Disease patients in tasks tapping EFs. However, a similar research of the same group, also on a PD sample, revealed that education promoted various cognitive functions including EFs ( Hindle et al, 2014 ), a pattern compatible to our data.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

General Slowing and Education Mediate Task Switching Performance Across the Life-Span

2018

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Objective: This study considered the potential role of both protective factors (cognitive reserve, CR) and adverse ones (general slowing) in modulating cognitive flexibility in the adult life-span.Method: Ninety-eight individuals performed a task-switching (TS) paradigm in which we adopted a manipulation concerning the timing between the cue and the target. Working memory demands were minimized by using transparent cues. Additionally, indices of cognitive integrity, depression, processing speed and different CR dimensions were collected and used in linear models accounting for TS performance under the different time constraints.Results: The main results showed similar mixing costs and higher switching costs in older adults, with an overall age-dependent effect of general slowing on these costs. The link between processing speed and TS performance was attenuated when participants had more time to prepare. Among the different CR indices, formal education only was associated with reduced switch costs under time pressure.Discussion: Even though CR is often operationalized as a unitary construct, the present research confirms the benefits of using tools designed to distinguish between different CR dimensions. Furthermore, our results provide empirical support to the assumption that processing speed influence on executive performance depends on time constraints. Finally, it is suggested that whether age differences appear in terms of switch or mixing costs depends on working memory demands (which were low in our tasks with transparent cues).

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“…The studies on construct validity were of fair to good methodological quality, but the results indicate rather poor evidence of construct validity. In PD patients without cognitive impairment indicated by a MMSE score of 26 or higher, Hindle et al [64] found that the LEQ total score was positively associated with executive function. LEQ mid-life score was positively associated with mental generativity, assessed through verbal fluency (word generation after letter- and category cues; r = 0.25, p<0.05), design fluency (novel design generation by connecting dot arrays with 4 straight lines; r = 0.26, p<0.05), tasks and set shifting and switching (Test of Everyday Attention Elevator Counting; r = 0.25, p<0.05).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring Cognitive Reserve (CR) – A systematic review of measurement properties of CR questionnaires for the adult population

et al. 2019

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Aim The aim of this systematic review was to summarize and critically appraise the quality of published literature on measurement properties of questionnaires assessing Cognitive Reserve (CR) in adults (>18 years). Methods We systematically searched for published studies on MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Web of Science through August 2018. We evaluated the methodological quality of the included studies and the results on measurement properties based on a consensus-based standard checklist. Results The search strategy identified 991 publications, of which 37 were selected evaluating the measurement properties of six different questionnaires. Construct validity of the Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire was most extensively evaluated, while evaluation of the remaining measurement properties of this questionnaire was scarce. Measurement properties of the Cognitive Reserve Questionnaire and the Cognitive Reserve Scale were assessed more completely. While the Lifetime of Experience Questionnaire seems to be the most thorough instrument, a finale recommendation for one specific questionnaire cannot be drawn, since about half of the measurement properties for each questionnaire were poorly or not assessed at all. Conclusions There is a need of high quality methodological studies assessing measurement properties of CR questionnaires, especially regarding content validity, structural validity, and responsiveness. Trial registration PROSPERO Registration number CRD42018107766 .

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The effects of lifelong cognitive lifestyle on executive function in older people with Parkinson's disease

Cited by 18 publications

References 48 publications

Does Experience Enhance Cognitive Flexibility? An Overview of the Evidence Provided by the Environmental Enrichment Studies

Does Experience Enhance Cognitive Flexibility? An Overview of the Evidence Provided by the Environmental Enrichment Studies

General Slowing and Education Mediate Task Switching Performance Across the Life-Span

Measuring Cognitive Reserve (CR) – A systematic review of measurement properties of CR questionnaires for the adult population

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