The Effects of Freezing on the Mechanical Properties of Bone

Kaye, Bryan; Randall, Connor; Walsh, Daniel W.; Hansma, Paul K.

doi:10.2174/1876525401204010014

Cited by 38 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Fourth, the presence of the fracture also limited indentation, necessitating a testing location likely to reduce the RPI depth in this group: ie, more distal (negative correlation, r = –0.31 to –0.38, p < 0.05) and missing superolateral measurements associated with higher indentation depth in 40% of samples. Finally, freezing has previously been shown to have minimal effect on bone properties such as stiffness or strength or RPI, which also applies to this study ( r = –0.11 to 0.12 and p > 0.05). Additionally, in this study, the fracture samples were carefully stored (shorter period before freezing, shorter storage duration, lower temperature and better hydrated).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Site-Dependent Reference Point Microindentation Complements Clinical Measures for Improved Fracture Risk Assessment at the Human Femoral Neck

Jenkins

Coutts

D’Angelo

et al. 2015

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research

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In contrast to traditional approaches to fracture risk assessment using clinical risk factors and bone mineral density (BMD), a new technique, reference point microindentation (RPI), permits direct assessment of bone quality; in vivo tibial RPI measurements appear to discriminate patients with a fragility fracture from controls. However, it is unclear how this relates to the site of the most clinically devastating fracture, the femoral neck, and whether RPI provides information complementary to that from existing assessments. Femoral neck samples were collected at surgery after low-trauma hip fracture (n ¼ 46; 17 male; aged 83 [interquartile range 77-87] years) and compared, using RPI (Biodent Hfc), with 16 cadaveric control samples, free from bone disease (7 male; aged 65 years). A subset of fracture patients returned for dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) assessment (Hologic Discovery) and, for the controls, a micro-computed tomography setup (HMX, Nikon) was used to replicate DXA scans. The indentation depth was greater in femoral neck samples from osteoporotic fracture patients than controls (p < 0.001), which persisted with adjustment for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and height (p < 0.001) but was site-dependent, being less pronounced in the inferomedial region. RPI demonstrated good discrimination between fracture and controls using receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analyses (area under the curve [AUC] ¼ 0.79 to 0.89), and a model combining RPI to clinical risk factors or BMD performed better than the individual components (AUC ¼ 0.88 to 0.99). In conclusion, RPI at the femoral neck discriminated fracture cases from controls independent of BMD and traditional risk factors but dependent on location. The clinical RPI device may, therefore, supplement risk assessment and requires testing in prospective cohorts and comparison between the clinically accessible tibia and the femoral neck.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Site-Dependent Reference Point Microindentation Complements Clinical Measures for Improved Fracture Risk Assessment at the Human Femoral Neck

Jenkins

Coutts

D’Angelo

et al. 2015

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research

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“…When evaluating the effects of freeze-thaw cycles in bone, the effects were found to vary depending on the type of bone assessed, but in most cases were not measureable. If degradation did occur, the effect of freezing on the mechanical properties was smaller than the natural variation of those properties across a sample before freezing (24). A similar study of dental pulp showed that storage in transportation solution for 24 h had no significant negative effects on the histological or mechanical properties of the pulp tissue extracted from the cryopreserved intact teeth (25).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fracture Limits of Maxillary Fourth Premolar Teeth in Domestic Dogs Under Applied Forces

et al. 2019

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A cadaveric study was performed to investigate the external mechanical forces required to fracture maxillary fourth premolar teeth in domestic dogs and describe a clinically relevant model of chewing forces placed on functionally important teeth in which fracture patterns are consistent with those defined by the American Veterinary Dental College (AVDC). Twenty-four maxillary fourth premolar teeth were harvested from dog cadavers. Samples consisted of teeth with surrounding alveolar bone potted in polycarbonate cylinders filled with acrylic. The cylinders were held by an aluminum device at an angle of 60° with respect to the ground. An axial compression test was performed, creating a force upon the occluso-palatal aspects of the main cusps of the crowns of the teeth. The highest compressive force prior to failure was considered the maximum force sustained by the teeth. Results showed the mean maximum force (± SD) sustained by the tested teeth at the point of fracture was 1,281 N (± 403 N) at a mean impact angle (± SD) of 59.7° (± 5.2°). The most common fracture type that occurred among all samples was a complicated crown fracture (n = 12), followed by an uncomplicated crown fracture (n = 6), complicated crown-root fracture (n = 5), and uncomplicated crown-root fracture (n = 1). There was no statistically significant correlation between dog breed, age, weight, impact angle, crown height or crown diameter, and the maximum force applied at the point of fracture. The only independent variable that remained significantly associated with maximum force was the crown height to diameter ratio (p = 0.005), suggesting that a decreased ratio increases tooth fracture resistance. The methodology described herein has been successful in creating a pattern of fracture of maxillary fourth premolar teeth consistent with that defined by the AVDC under angled compression at forces within the maximum chewing capability of the average domestic dog.

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“…Several mechanisms were postulated to this effect, that is, either by freezing expansion of the water or by damage to the collagenous matrix. Experimental data range from “no effect” [ 15 ] to “slight damage” (maximum 15%) [ 16 ]. In a recent study, the freezing of rat tibiae was found to have no effect on the bone-implant interface [ 17 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

External Mechanical Microstimuli Modulate the Osseointegration of Titanium Implants in Rat Tibiae

Zacchetti

Wiskott

Botsis

et al. 2013

BioMed Research International

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Purpose. To assess the effect of external mechanical microstimuli of controlled magnitude on the microarchitecture of the peri-implant bone beds in rat tibiae. Materials and Methods. Tibiae of forty rats were fitted with two transcutaneous titanium cylinders. After healing, the implants were loaded to 1 to 3 N, five days/week for four weeks. These force levels translated into intraosseous strains of 700 ± 200 με, 1400 ± 400 με, and 2100 ± 600 με. After sacrifice, the implants' pullout strength was assessed. Second, the bone's microarchitecture was analyzed by microcomputed tomography (μCT) in three discrete regions of interest (ROIs). Third, the effect of loading on bone material properties was determined by nanoindentation. Results. The trabecular BV/TV significantly increased in an ROI of 0.98 mm away from the test implant in the 1 N versus the 3 N group with an opposite trend for cortical thickness. Pull-out strength significantly increased in the 2 N relatively to the nonstimulated group. Higher values of E-modulus and hardness were observed in the trabecular bone of the 2 N group. Conclusion. The in vivo mechanical loading of implants induces load-dependent modifications in bone microarchitecture and bone material properties in rat tibiae. In pull-out strength measurements, implant osseointegration was maximized at 2 N (1400 ± 400 με).

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The Effects of Freezing on the Mechanical Properties of Bone

Cited by 38 publications

References 19 publications

Site-Dependent Reference Point Microindentation Complements Clinical Measures for Improved Fracture Risk Assessment at the Human Femoral Neck

Site-Dependent Reference Point Microindentation Complements Clinical Measures for Improved Fracture Risk Assessment at the Human Femoral Neck

Fracture Limits of Maxillary Fourth Premolar Teeth in Domestic Dogs Under Applied Forces

External Mechanical Microstimuli Modulate the Osseointegration of Titanium Implants in Rat Tibiae

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