The Effects of Electronic Cigarette Emissions on Systemic Cotinine Levels, Weight and Postnatal Lung Growth in Neonatal Mice

McGrath‐Morrow, Sharon A.; Hayashi, Madoka; Aherrera, Angela; Lopez, Armando Luna; Malinina, Alla; Collaco, Joseph M.; Neptune, Enid; Klein, Jonathan D.; Winickoff, Jonathan P.; Breysse, Patrick N.; Lazarus, Philip; Chen, Gang

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118344

Cited by 125 publications

(115 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Our results revealed that there were significant levels of cotinine in the mice exposed to e‐cigarettes, whereas it was not detectable in the clean air control mice. Importantly, the measured mean plasma levels (ie, average of 53.97±3.61 ng/mL; Figure 1) were in fact comparable to those observed in humans and other animal e‐cigarette exposure models, that is, 30 to 250 ng/mL 46, 47, 48…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 75%

“…Thus, key markers to be noted of this system are (1) the cotinine levels found in the plasma of our e‐cigarette–exposed mice (average of 53.97 ng/mL) overlaps with those observed in established human and animal e‐cigarette exposure models46, 47, 48 but undetectable in clean air samples, (2) which were obtained/observed using a device and an e‐liquid mixture that are widely used by humans34, 35, 36, 73 and (3) under real‐life puffing topography experimental conditions. 24–33 …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

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Short‐Term E‐Cigarette Exposure Increases the Risk of Thrombogenesis and Enhances Platelet Function in Mice

Qasim

Karim

Silva‐Espinoza

et al. 2018

JAHA

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BackgroundCardiovascular disease is the main cause of death in the United States, with smoking being the primary preventable cause of premature death, and thrombosis being the main mechanism of cardiovascular mortality in smokers. Due to the perception that electronic/e‐cigarettes are “safer/less harmful” than conventional cigarettes, their usage—among a variety of ages—has increased tremendously during the past decade. Notably, there are limited studies regarding the negative effects of e‐cigarettes on the cardiovascular system, which is also the subject of significant debate.Methods and ResultsWe employed a passive e‐VapeTM vapor inhalation system and developed an in vivo whole‐body e‐cigarette mouse exposure protocol that mimics real‐life human exposure scenarios/conditions and investigated the effects of e‐cigarettes and clean air on platelet function and thrombogenesis. Our results show that platelets from e‐cigarette–exposed mice are hyperactive, with enhanced aggregation, dense and α granule secretion, activation of the αIIbβ3 integrin, phosphatidylserine expression, and Akt and ERK activation, when compared with clean air–exposed platelets. E‐cigarette–exposed platelets were also found to be resistant to inhibition by prostacyclin, relative to clean air. Furthermore, the e‐cigarette–exposed mice exhibited a shortened thrombosis occlusion and bleeding times.ConclusionsTaken together, our data demonstrate for the first time that e‐cigarettes alter physiological hemostasis and increase the risk of thrombogenic events. This is attributable, at least in part, to the hyperactive state of platelets. Thus, the negative health consequences of e‐cigarette exposure should not be underestimated and warrant further investigation.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Short‐Term E‐Cigarette Exposure Increases the Risk of Thrombogenesis and Enhances Platelet Function in Mice

Qasim

Karim

Silva‐Espinoza

et al. 2018

JAHA

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“…39 The mice exposed to the ENDS solution containing nicotine had decreased weight gain and impaired postnatal lung growth compared with mice exposed to room air. ENDS solutions have also been shown to be cytotoxic to human embryonic stem cells.…”

Section: Ends Secondhand and Thirdhand Aerosolmentioning

confidence: 97%

Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems

Etzel¹,

Wilson²,

Balk³

et al. 2015

Pediatrics

106

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Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) are rapidly growing in popularity among youth. ENDS are handheld devices that produce an aerosolized mixture from a solution typically containing concentrated nicotine, flavoring chemicals, and propylene glycol to be inhaled by the user. ENDS are marketed under a variety of names, most commonly electronic cigarettes and e-cigarettes. In 2014, more youth reported using ENDS than any other tobacco product. ENDS pose health risks to both users and nonusers. Nicotine, the major psychoactive ingredient in ENDS solutions, is both highly addictive and toxic. In addition to nicotine, other toxicants, carcinogens, and metal particles have been detected in solutions and aerosols of ENDS. Nonusers are involuntarily exposed to the emissions of these devices with secondhand and thirdhand aerosol. The concentrated and often flavored nicotine in ENDS solutions poses a poisoning risk for young children. Reports of acute nicotine toxicity from US poison control centers have been increasing, with at least 1 child death reported from unintentional exposure to a nicotine-containing ENDS solution. With flavors, design, and marketing that appeal to youth, ENDS threaten to renormalize and glamorize nicotine and tobacco product use. There is a critical need for ENDS regulation, legislative action, and counter promotion to protect youth. ENDS have the potential to addict a new generation of youth to nicotine and reverse more than 50 years of progress in tobacco control. DEFINITIONS• Secondhand aerosol: emissions from electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) that are discharged into the surrounding environment with ENDS use, both directly from the ENDS and exhaled from the lungs of the user.• Thirdhand aerosol: ENDS emissions that remain on surfaces and in dust after ENDS use, which can be reemitted into the gas phase or react with oxidants in the environment to yield secondary pollutants.

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“…In vivo studies in mice show E‐cigarette exposure stunts growth (McGrath‐Morrow et al. 2015) although this may be limited to nicotine‐containing E‐cigarettes (Larcombe et al. 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phagocytosis and Inflammation: Exploring the effects of the components of E-cigarette vapor on macrophages

et al. 2017

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E‐cigarettes are perceived as harmless; however, evidence of their safety is lacking. New data suggests E‐cigarettes discharge a range of compounds capable of physiological damage to users. We previously established that cigarette smoke caused defective alveolar macrophage phagocytosis. The present study compared the effect E‐cigarette of components; E‐liquid flavors, nicotine, vegetable glycerine, and propylene glycol on phagocytosis, proinflammatory cytokine secretion, and phagocytic recognition molecule expression using differentiated THP‐1 macrophages. Similar to CSE, phagocytosis of NTHi bacteria was significantly decreased by E‐liquid flavoring (11.65–15.75%) versus control (27.01%). Nicotine also decreased phagocytosis (15.26%). E‐liquid, nicotine, and E‐liquid+ nicotine reduced phagocytic recognition molecules; SR‐A1 and TLR‐2. IL‐8 secretion increased with flavor and nicotine, while TNF α, IL‐1β, IL‐6, MIP‐1α, MIP‐1β, and MCP‐1 decreased after exposure to most flavors and nicotine. PG, VG, or PG:VG mix also induced a decrease in MIP‐1α and MIP‐1β. We conclude that E‐cigarettes can cause macrophage phagocytic dysfunction, expression of phagocytic recognition receptors and cytokine secretion pathways. As such, E‐cigarettes should be treated with caution by users, especially those who are nonsmokers.

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The Effects of Electronic Cigarette Emissions on Systemic Cotinine Levels, Weight and Postnatal Lung Growth in Neonatal Mice

Cited by 125 publications

References 31 publications

Short‐Term E‐Cigarette Exposure Increases the Risk of Thrombogenesis and Enhances Platelet Function in Mice

Short‐Term E‐Cigarette Exposure Increases the Risk of Thrombogenesis and Enhances Platelet Function in Mice

Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems

Phagocytosis and Inflammation: Exploring the effects of the components of E-cigarette vapor on macrophages

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