The effects of electrode thickness on the electrochemical and thermal characteristics of lithium ion battery

Zhao, Rui; Liu, Jie; Gu, Junjie

doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.11.051

Cited by 211 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Ultra-thick electrodes suffer from high polarization due to high ohmic resistance, lower ionic conduction through the thick electrode, less effi cient current collection and thus, limited power performances. [ 373 ] Thicker electrodes also suffer from low thermal conductivity that can raise serious concerns regarding the safety of the device due to slow heat dissipation through the electrode thickness. Ensuring safety, effi cient ionic transport and current collection in thick electrodes are the main challenges, especially as the target current density increases.…”

Section: Ultra-thin and Ultra-thick Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design Considerations for Unconventional Electrochemical Energy Storage Architectures

Vlad

Singh

Galande

et al. 2015

Advanced Energy Materials

275

202

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all need to be used in conjugation with an energy storage system to provide smooth power leveling. Currently, electrochemical energy storage systems are by far the most optimal solutions for powering a broad range of technologies, expanding from compact and light-weighted portable electronic devices to stationary gridscale energy storage applications. [3][4][5][6] These energy storage devices (batteries and supercapacitors) store the available electrical energy in the form of chemical energy and release it whenever needed, by simply reversing the electrochemical reaction. [7][8][9][10][11] Among various available battery chemistries, lithium batteries and supercapacitors are the most promising technologies. [ 7,[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] Ever since the realization of the fi rst electrochemical energy storage cell by Alessandro Volta (end of 17th century), the working principle and its function has changed very little. [ 21,22 ] Basically, two redox couples (or charge storage electrodes), electrically and physically separated, are bridged by an ion conducting medium to constitute an electrochemical cell. This holds true also for modern Li-ion batteries, although the chemistry involved is much more complex. During operation, the electrons are transferred through an external circuit while ions shuttle through the electrolyte to counterbalance the depleted charge at the electrodes. [ 23 ] So far, much of the effort has been directed towards improvement of the energy and power characteristics by downsizing the active components, re-engineering the current collectors and separators, as well as fi ne-tuning the Batteries have become fundamental building blocks for the mobility of modern society. Continuous development of novel battery chemistries and electrode materials has nourished progress in building better batteries. Simultaneously, novel device form factors and designs with multi-functional components have been proposed, requiring batteries to not only integrate seamlessly to these devices, but to also be a multi-functional component for a multitude of applications. Thus, in the past decade, along with developments in the component materials, the focus has been shifting more and more towards novel fabrication processes, unconventional confi gurations, and additional functionalities. This work attempts to critically review the developments with respect to emerging electrochemical energy storage confi gurations, including, amongst others, paintable, transparent, fl exible, wire or cable shaped, ultra-thin and ultra-thick confi gurations, as well as hybrid energy storage-conversion, or graphene-incorporated batteries and supercapacitors. The performance requirements are elaborated together with the advantages, but also the limitations, with respect to established electrochemical energy storage technologies. Finally, challenges in developing novel materials with tailored properties that would allow such confi gurations, and in designing easier manufacturing techniques that can be widely adopted ar...

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Section: Ultra-thin and Ultra-thick Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design Considerations for Unconventional Electrochemical Energy Storage Architectures

Vlad

Singh

Galande

et al. 2015

Advanced Energy Materials

275

202

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The thermal properties of thick electrodes were also studied and compared with that of thin electrodes by combining a 3D thermal model with the P2D model. 29,30 The aim of the present study is to investigate the performance of various designs of graphite electrodes combining electrochemical characterizations with P2D model simulations. Dedicated experiments are performed on a set of industry-grade graphite electrodes to determine all model parameters pertaining to the graphite electrode, i.e., geometric and physical parameters.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental and Modeling Analysis of Graphite Electrodes with Various Thicknesses and Porosities for High-Energy-Density Li-Ion Batteries

Malifarge

Delobel

Delacourt

2018

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The influence of the negative electrode design on its electrochemical performance with regard to Li insertion/de-insertion is analyzed in this work. A combined experimental/modeling approach is undertaken relying on Newman continuum model. Various designs of industry-grade graphite electrodes (2-6 mAh cm −2 ) were previously characterized by measuring geometric and physical parameters that are used as input parameters in the present model analysis. The half-cell model is successfully validated against rate-capability experiments without any further parameter fitting. The various polarization contributions are then identified based on the model analysis of rate-capability tests on the various electrodes. It emerges that low-loading electrodes suffer from larger particle-scale limitations (mainly solid-diffusion limitation) than high-loading electrodes because of a lower active surface area per geometric area. However, high-loading electrodes undergo large liquid-phase limitations at medium to high current densities: a large overpotential develops because of the formation of a large salt concentration gradient across the cell. Finally, the graphite electrode model is used into a full-cell model vs. As of today, electric vehicles (EV) are being promoted as a substitute to internal-combustion-engine (ICE) vehicles in an effort to mitigate CO 2 , NO x and particulate matter (PM) emissions from the road transportation sector. Although the effectiveness of EV market penetration toward mitigating air pollution strongly depends upon the source of electricity production (e.g., fossil vs. nuclear or renewable), it may still improve air quality in cities and thereby citizens' health. In fact, the annual cost of air pollution was evaluated to over US$ 1.431 trillion in Europe by the World Health Organization in 2010.1 Nonetheless, the effectiveness of EV market penetration relies on whether consumers are willing to shift from ICE to electric vehicles. Among factors refraining citizens from shifting to EVs are the high price, the vehicle charging time and the driving range. The most straightforward way to tackle both the high price and limited driving range, with state-of-the-art Lithium-ion technology, is to increase electrode loading. Packing more active material in the electrode increases the cell energy density and decreases the amount of inactive material in a Lithium-ion battery pack. Fewer electrodes per stack are needed in a single cell, hence less current collector is used. However, high-loading electrodes suffer large power limitations, which might preclude fast charging of the EV battery pack. Power limitations mostly arise from lithium-ion transport limitations across the electrode porosity filled with the electrolyte and are known to increase with the electrode thickness and/or with a decrease in porosity.2-4 Accordingly, an optimization of the porous electrode design is necessary to achieve a high energy density while retaining enough power for the targeted application.Yet, electrode design optimization is not s...

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“…Considerable efforts have been devoted to obtain a fundamental understanding of dynamic thermal mechanics and to seek innovative and practical solutions [62][63][64][65][66]. Numerical simulations based on computational fluid dynamics and finite element methods have been conducted to predict the thermodynamics of LIB cells and packs [67][68][69][70][71].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and modeling of the thermal mechanics of lithium-ion battery cells

Epureanu

2016

Applied Energy

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h i g h l i g h t sThermal swelling shape is different than Li-ion intercalation swelling shape. Nonuniform temperature and gap creation leads to a convex shape at free conditions. Important parameters of thermal mechanics are estimated through experiments. A coupled thermal-structural analysis accurately predicts thermal swelling shape. Nonuniform temperature still plays a critical role at pack conditions. Keywords:Lithium-ion battery Battery swelling shape Thermal expansion The coefficient of thermal expansion The coupled thermal-structural analysis a b s t r a c tThe thermal mechanics of Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries is explored with a focus on thermal swelling. Experiments show for the first time that the swelling shape of prismatic battery cells due to temperature variations is significantly different from that due to Li-ion intercalation in unconstrained conditions. In contrast to uniform and orthotropic Li-ion intercalation swelling in a direction perpendicular to electrodes, the nonuniform temperature distribution in the jellyroll and the gaps/voids between electrodes result in distinguishable different swelling shapes. A unique coupled thermal-structural analysis with a simple, but efficient 3-D finite numerical model is proposed to investigate the impact of temperature variations on the thermal behaviors of battery cells. Anisotropic heat conduction and temperature dependency of the coefficient of thermal expansion are taken into account and found to have an impact on temperature distribution and thermal expansion. Experimental validation of the proposed model clearly demonstrates that the coupled thermal-structural analysis with the proposed model can predict accurately the thermal swelling at unconstrained conditions. The solution at pack (constrained) conditions shows that the nonuniform temperature distribution of the jellyroll still plays a critical role for the thermal swelling shape, although the gaps/voids do not occur because of the constraints from spacers in the pack, suggesting that the estimation of core temperature is important. Such an accurate model, able to estimate cell thermal behavior, is beneficial to the design of Li-ion batteries, development of stress or strain sensors, optimum sensor placement, and thermal management of not only single battery cells but also battery packs.

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The effects of electrode thickness on the electrochemical and thermal characteristics of lithium ion battery

Cited by 211 publications

References 29 publications

Design Considerations for Unconventional Electrochemical Energy Storage Architectures

Design Considerations for Unconventional Electrochemical Energy Storage Architectures

Experimental and Modeling Analysis of Graphite Electrodes with Various Thicknesses and Porosities for High-Energy-Density Li-Ion Batteries

Characterization and modeling of the thermal mechanics of lithium-ion battery cells

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