The effects of additive solutions on the development of storage lesions in stored canine platelet concentrates

Abstract

Objective To determine if platelet additive solutions (PAS) decrease the occurrence and degree of platelet storage lesions, maintain platelet function, and extend storage time in vitro beyond 5 days at 22°C when compared to platelets stored in plasma only. Design Prospective, ex vivo experimental controlled study. Setting Research laboratory in a school of veterinary medicine. Animals Twelve units of canine platelet concentrate prepared from fresh whole blood donations. Interventions Platelet concentrates were aliquoted into 4 units and stored at room temperature (22°C) under constant agitation in either 100% plasma (control) or 35% plasma and 65% of 1 of 3 different PAS (Plasma‐Lyte A, Isoplate, and InterSol) for 7 days. At days 0, 3, 5, and 7, samples were analyzed for presence of swirling, degree of aggregate formation, platelet count, platelet indices, glucose, lactate, lactate dehydrogenase, Pvo2, and Pvco2 concentrations, aggregation via light aggregometry, and activation percentage based on flow cytometric measurement of surface P‐selectin. Bacterial cultures were performed on days 0, 5, and 7. Measurements and main results Isoplate had a higher incidence of aggregate formation on day 0 (n = 2), and Plasma‐Lyte A had a higher incidence of loss of swirl on day 7 (n = 5). Plasma‐stored samples had significantly higher platelet counts (P < 0.001), pH (P < 0.05), Pvco2 (P < 0.001), and lactate (P < 0.001), and significantly lower lactate dehydrogenase (P < 0.05) as compared to all PAS. The mean pH remained above 7.2 in PAS and plasma. There was no difference in platelet activation between plasma and PAS. Changes in platelet indices, glucose consumption, and maximum aggregation varied by storage solution. There was no bacterial growth seen in any samples. Conclusions The 3 PAS performed similarly and could all be considered as potential replacements for plasma during the room temperature storage of canine platelet concentrate for up to 7 days.

The effects of additive solutions on the development of storage lesions in canine platelet concentrates stored at 4°C

“…34,35 The maximum aggregation seen in this study was also higher than what was seen in a canine study of room temperature-stored PC in PAS. 16 Aggregates suggest platelet activation; however, in this study the presence of aggregates at 1 day did not always result in aggregates present at later days, likely indicating that any activation that occurred was reversible. Previous studies in human medicine have demonstrated that cold storage induced an increase in aggregate formation, but storing the platelets in PAS at 4 • C resolved aggregate formation and preserved the metabolic and functional responses.…”

“…When the pH drops below 6.2, platelets begin to activate, leading to a further increase in metabolism that perpetuates the cycle, causing decreased platelet recovery after transfusion, shorter survival times, and reduced ability to stop bleeding 13,14 . Evaluation of PC for storage lesions involves in vitro assessment of metabolic changes, changes in platelet shape and function, platelet activation, and evidence of platelet lysis 5,6,15,16 …”

Platelet Lysate for Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Culture in the Canine and Equine Species: Analogous but Not the Same

“…We suggest that PLT lysis is already evident after one freezing step, which was necessary to store the concentrates until the ELISA analyses were performed, or there could be an effect of the filter or plastic surface of the storage tubes on the growth factors concentrations. This will require further studies and it could also be considered to replace the plasma in the PLT concentrate production completely or partially by additive solutions, on the one hand to preserve plasma for the patients, and on the other hand because it has already been shown that these solutions improve the stability of the product [ 56 ]. Last but not least, an interesting difference between dogs and horses was observed regarding the correlations between donor age and PLT and growth factor concentrations, which were negative in horses [ 29 , 57 ] but positive in dogs.…”

Platelet function of whole blood after short‐term cold storage: A prospective in vitro observational study

“…30 PSLs occur due to platelet metabolism, 15 and decrease platelet viability and hemostatic activity after transfusion and immunity. 15,30,31 Platelets are metabolically active and depend on adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis for survival and function. 15 About 85% of ATP is produced by mitochondrial respiration in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA).…”

“…PF4, β ‐TG, and P‐selectin are present in the α granules of platelets, and since their expression increases with platelet activation, these proteins have long been recognized as markers of PSLs in transfusion medicine 30 . PSLs occur due to platelet metabolism, 15 and decrease platelet viability and hemostatic activity after transfusion and immunity 15,30,31 . Platelets are metabolically active and depend on adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis for survival and function 15 .…”