The effectiveness of breakfast recommendations on weight loss: a randomized controlled trial

Dhurandhar, Emily J.; Dawson, John A.; Alcorn, Amy; Larsen, Lesli H.; Thomas, Elizabeth A.; Cardel, Michelle; Bourland, Ashley C.; Astrup, Arne; St‐Onge, Marie‐Pierre; Hill, James O.; Apovian, Caroline M.; Shikany, James M.; Allison, David B.

doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.089573

Cited by 100 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…In this sense, our examination of body mass changes as an indication 152 of net energy (im)balance better reflects an efficacy trial and nicely complements the results of a 153 concurrent effectiveness trial which reported no significant difference in weight-loss over weeks with a recommendation to eat or skip breakfast (i.e. an intention-to-treat analysis) (13) . Our 155 data are consistent with this conclusion in that there was no significant difference in total body 156 mass change between breakfast versus fasting amongst individuals who were either lean (14) or obese (15) , although it is interesting to contrast the pattern of changes in DEXA-derived body 158 composition between groups across both levels of adiposity ( Figure 1).…”

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confidence: 98%

Is breakfast the most important meal of the day?

et al. 2016

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1The Bath Breakfast Project is a series of randomised controlled trials exploring the effects of 2 extended morning fasting on energy balance and health. These trials were categorically not 3 designed to answer whether or not breakfast is the most important meal of the day. However, this The broad field of nutrition and health is rife with myths, misconceptions and frequently 24 posed yet seemingly fundamental questions that we intuitively feel should have simple answers. 25Is a calorie a calorie? Is obesity due to eating too much or doing too little? Is breakfast the most 26 important meal of the day? Often there are simple answers, the first two being central to the 27 themes considered in this review and both absolutely yes (just as a second is a second, one 28

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confidence: 98%

Is breakfast the most important meal of the day?

et al. 2016

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“…Casazza et al (16) conducted a systematic review of obesity-related beliefs about weight loss, therein stating that evidence was lacking to support the notion that skipping breakfast independently affected obesity. Several of these authors conducted a randomized controlled weight-loss trial comparing breakfast-skipping, breakfast-eating, and control groups, finding that weight loss was not different among the groups (25). However, the influence of fasting in this study is unclear because the length of fasting across the night and into the morning was not recorded; the minimum difference in the length of morning fasting permissible in the intervention groups was only 1 hour; and the cessation of eating at night was not controlled.…”

Section: Energy Intakementioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic Effects of Intermittent Fasting

2017

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The objective of this review is to provide an overview of intermittent fasting regimens, summarize the evidence on the health benefits of intermittent fasting, and discuss physiological mechanisms by which intermittent fasting might lead to improved health outcomes. A MEDLINE search was performed using PubMed and the terms "intermittent fasting," "fasting," "time-restricted feeding," and "food timing." Modified fasting regimens appear to promote weight loss and may improve metabolic health. Several lines of evidence also support the hypothesis that eating patterns that reduce or eliminate nighttime eating and prolong nightly fasting intervals may result in sustained improvements in human health. Intermittent fasting regimens are hypothesized to influence metabolic regulation via effects on (a) circadian biology, (b) the gut microbiome, and (c) modifiable lifestyle behaviors, such as sleep. If proven to be efficacious, these eating regimens offer promising nonpharmacological approaches to improving health at the population level, with multiple public health benefits.

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“…However, this study involved a degree of dietary restriction beyond the consumption or omission of breakfast in the morning, and as such may not reflect true alterations in eating behaviour. Dhurandhar et al (46) investigated the effect of recommendations to consume or omit breakfast, in freeliving adults attempting to lose weight. Subjects (n 283) were randomly assigned to either consume or omit breakfast for 16 weeks, and results were compared with a control group.…”

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confidence: 99%

The effect of breakfast on appetite regulation, energy balance and exercise performance

Clayton

James

2015

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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The belief that breakfast is the most important meal of day has been derived from cross-sectional studies that have associated breakfast consumption with a lower BMI. This suggests that breakfast omission either leads to an increase in energy intake or a reduction in energy expenditure over the remainder of the day, resulting in a state of positive energy balance. However, observational studies do not imply causality. A number of intervention studies have been conducted, enabling more precise determination of breakfast manipulation on indices of energy balance. This review will examine the results from these studies in adults, attempting to identify causal links between breakfast and energy balance, as well as determining whether consumption of breakfast influences exercise performance. Despite the associations in the literature, intervention studies have generally found a reduction in total daily energy intake when breakfast is omitted from the daily meal pattern. Moreover, whilst consumption of breakfast supresses appetite during the morning, this effect appears to be transient as the first meal consumed after breakfast seems to offset appetite to a similar extent, independent of breakfast. Whether breakfast affects energy expenditure is less clear. Whilst breakfast does not seem to affect basal metabolism, breakfast omission may reduce free-living physical activity and endurance exercise performance throughout the day. In conclusion, the available research suggests breakfast omission may influence energy expenditure more strongly than energy intake. Longer term intervention studies are required to confirm this relationship, and determine the impact of these variables on weight management. Breakfast skipping: Satiety: Gut hormonesOverweight and obesity are defined as a BMI of 25-29·9 and >30 kg/m 2 , respectively, and are positively associated with several chronic diseases, representing a substantial health and economic burden on society (1,2) . Obesity is a growing concern with the worldwide prevalence of obesity more than doubling between 1980 and 2008 (3) . It has also been shown that BMI increases continuously throughout adulthood (4) suggesting that longterm behavioural changes are required to curtail this pattern of weight gain. This necessitates the study of both lean and overweight populations, to ensure that dietary interventions are applicable for both reducing BMI in overweight and obese populations, and preventing the increase of BMI in lean populations.Breakfast can be defined as the first meal of the day, consumed within 2 h of waking, before commencing daily activities, and has been suggested to contain 20-35 % of daily estimated energy requirements (5) . Breakfast has long been considered an integral part of a healthy balanced diet (6) . This is partly due to associations in the literature that show individuals who regularly omit breakfast have a higher BMI (7,8) and increased prevalence of obesity-related chronic diseases (5) , including type-2 diabetes (9) and CHD (10) . Despite this, brea...

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The effectiveness of breakfast recommendations on weight loss: a randomized controlled trial

Abstract: A recommendation to eat or skip breakfast for weight loss was effective at changing self-reported breakfast eating habits, but contrary to widely espoused views this had no discernable effect on weight loss in free-living adults who were attempting to lose weight.

Cited by 100 publications

References 25 publications

Is breakfast the most important meal of the day?

Is breakfast the most important meal of the day?

Metabolic Effects of Intermittent Fasting

The effect of breakfast on appetite regulation, energy balance and exercise performance

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