The effect of traditional Persian music on the cardiac functioning of young Iranian women

Abstract

In the past few decades, several studies have reported the physiological effects of listening to music. The physiological effects of different music types on different people are not similar. Therefore, in the present study, we have sought to examine the effects of traditional Persian music on the cardiac function in young women. Twenty-two healthy females participated in this study. ECG signals were recorded in two conditions: rest and music. For each of the 21 ECG signals (15 morphological and six wavelet based feature) features were extracted. SVM classifier was used for the classification of ECG signals during and before the music. The results showed that the mean of heart rate, the mean amplitude of R-wave, T-wave, and P-wave decreased in response to music. Time-frequency analysis revealed that the mean of the absolute values of the detail coefficients at higher scales increased during rest. The overall accuracy of 91.6% was achieved using polynomial kernel and RBF kernel. Using linear kernel, the best result (with the accuracy rate of 100%) was attained.

Different Types of Sounds and Their Relationship With the Electrocardiographic Signals and the Cardiovascular System – Review

“…Samples are also used with a combination of males and females ( Martin-Soelch et al, 2006 ; Björ et al, 2007 ; Koelsch et al, 2007 ; Lee et al, 2010 ; Orini et al, 2010 ; Kraus et al, 2013 ; Naji et al, 2014b ; da Silva and Backs, 2015 ; Nozaki et al, 2015 ; Bidin et al, 2016 ; El Aarbaoui et al, 2017 ; Goshvarpour et al, 2017 ). There were few studies with just males ( Tomei et al, 2000 ; Cho et al, 2011 ; Gupta and Gupta, 2015 ; Walker et al, 2016 ) or just females ( Binns-Turner et al, 2011 ; Rhomberg et al, 2014 ; Nakajima et al, 2016 ; Abedi et al, 2017 ). With respect to the sample size, many of the studies used a size between 20 and 33 ( Holand et al, 1999 ; Thayer and Faith, 2001 ; Chang et al, 2004 ; Martin-Soelch et al, 2006 ; Björ et al, 2007 ; Kasprzak, 2010 ; Krantz et al, 2010 ; Binns-Turner et al, 2011 ; Cho et al, 2011 ; Dousty et al, 2011 ; Croy et al, 2013 ; Naji et al, 2014b ; Pérez-Lloret et al, 2014 ; Nardelli et al, 2015 ; Nozaki et al, 2015 ; Al-Galal et al, 2016 ; Abedi et al, 2017 ) or 35 and 88 ( Tomei et al, 2000 ; Kenntner-Mabiala et al, 2007 ; Koelsch et al, 2007 ; Raggam et al, 2007 ; Graham et al, 2009 ; Orini et al, 2010 ; Sancini et al, 2012 ; Rhomberg et al, 2014 ; Gruhlke et al, 2015 ; Gupta and Gupta, 2015 ; Hajizadeh et al, 2015 ; Krabs et al, 2015 ; Sim et al, 2015 ; Watanabe et al, 2015 ; Gallasch et al, 2016 ; Goshvarpour et al, 2016a ,...…”

“…There were few studies with just males ( Tomei et al, 2000 ; Cho et al, 2011 ; Gupta and Gupta, 2015 ; Walker et al, 2016 ) or just females ( Binns-Turner et al, 2011 ; Rhomberg et al, 2014 ; Nakajima et al, 2016 ; Abedi et al, 2017 ). With respect to the sample size, many of the studies used a size between 20 and 33 ( Holand et al, 1999 ; Thayer and Faith, 2001 ; Chang et al, 2004 ; Martin-Soelch et al, 2006 ; Björ et al, 2007 ; Kasprzak, 2010 ; Krantz et al, 2010 ; Binns-Turner et al, 2011 ; Cho et al, 2011 ; Dousty et al, 2011 ; Croy et al, 2013 ; Naji et al, 2014b ; Pérez-Lloret et al, 2014 ; Nardelli et al, 2015 ; Nozaki et al, 2015 ; Al-Galal et al, 2016 ; Abedi et al, 2017 ) or 35 and 88 ( Tomei et al, 2000 ; Kenntner-Mabiala et al, 2007 ; Koelsch et al, 2007 ; Raggam et al, 2007 ; Graham et al, 2009 ; Orini et al, 2010 ; Sancini et al, 2012 ; Rhomberg et al, 2014 ; Gruhlke et al, 2015 ; Gupta and Gupta, 2015 ; Hajizadeh et al, 2015 ; Krabs et al, 2015 ; Sim et al, 2015 ; Watanabe et al, 2015 ; Gallasch et al, 2016 ; Goshvarpour et al, 2016a , 2017 ; El Aarbaoui et al, 2017 ) subjects. There were few studies with a sample larger than 100 subjects ( Thayer and Faith, 2001 ; Yuan et al, 2005 ; Uclés et al, 2006 ; Goyal et al, 2010 ; Kraus et al, 2013 ; Osiris et al, 2014 ; Tan et al, 2015 ).…”

“…It is interesting to note that some studies asked subjects to close their eyes ( Naji et al, 2014b ; Nardelli et al, 2015 ; Nozaki et al, 2015 ; Al-Galal et al, 2016 ; Goshvarpour et al, 2016a , b ) to concentrate on presented stimulus. A seated position was also used ( Martin-Soelch et al, 2006 ; Björ et al, 2007 ; Lee et al, 2010 ; Cho et al, 2011 ; Naji et al, 2014b ; Pérez-Lloret et al, 2014 ; Nardelli et al, 2015 ; Sim et al, 2015 ; Watanabe et al, 2015 ; Al-Galal et al, 2016 ; Nakajima et al, 2016 ; Ishimitsu et al, 2017 ) more frequently with respect to a supine position ( Holand et al, 1999 ; Hajizadeh et al, 2015 ; Goshvarpour et al, 2016a , 2017 ; Abedi et al, 2017 ). Moreover, in some cases, some environmental elements were controlled ( Björ et al, 2007 ; Sancini et al, 2012 ; Naji et al, 2014b ; Nardelli et al, 2015 ; Nozaki et al, 2015 ; Sim et al, 2015 ; Watanabe et al, 2015 ; Al-Galal et al, 2016 ; Goshvarpour et al, 2016b ).…”

“…Many studies had a listening time between 15 and 30 min ( Chang et al, 2004 ; Uclés et al, 2006 ; Kasprzak, 2010 ; Das et al, 2015 ; Nardelli et al, 2015 ; Tan et al, 2015 ; Goshvarpour et al, 2016a , b , 2017 ). Others lasted between 2 and 15 min ( Kim and André, 2008 ; Krantz et al, 2010 ; Dousty et al, 2011 ; Pérez-Lloret et al, 2014 ; Rhomberg et al, 2014 ; Hajizadeh et al, 2015 ; Nakajima et al, 2016 ; Abedi et al, 2017 ). Only a few listenings lasted between 30 and 60 min ( Cho et al, 2011 ; Gruhlke et al, 2015 ; Gupta and Gupta, 2015 ; Nozaki et al, 2015 ; Bidin et al, 2016 ), or more than 60 min ( Björ et al, 2007 ; Binns-Turner et al, 2011 ; Osiris et al, 2014 ; Walker et al, 2016 ).…”

“…In research related to music, most studies used a sample with normal or healthy subjects ( Etzel et al, 2006 ; Koelsch et al, 2007 ; Dousty et al, 2011 ; Naji et al, 2014b ; Pérez-Lloret et al, 2014 ; Rhomberg et al, 2014 ; Gupta and Gupta, 2015 ; Krabs et al, 2015 ; Nakajima et al, 2016 ; Abedi et al, 2017 ; Goshvarpour et al, 2017 ). Moreover, some studies considered subjects with several health conditions ( Binns-Turner et al, 2011 ; Rhomberg et al, 2014 ; Gruhlke et al, 2015 ; Gupta and Gupta, 2015 ; Krabs et al, 2015 ).…”