“…125,126 In cells on a micro-/nano-grooved structure, actin filaments and vinculinrich focal adhesions align with the longer axis of the grooves. This effect causes various cells, such as epithelial, endothelial, glial cells, fibroblasts, osteoblasts, and neutrophils, to align 73,96,120,121 and migrate 4,121,123,124 along the grooves. On an array of micropillars, cellular protrusions are guided preferentially to the pillars.…”