The effect of surface modification with Ag nanoparticles on 21 nm TiO2: anatase/rutile material for application in photocatalysis

Effect of Ag modification on TiO2 and melem/g-C3N4 composite on photocatalytic performances

“…Titanium dioxide of chemical formula TiO 2 is one of the prominent materials that has found applications in almost all research areas 1 , such as electrode material in Li-ion 2 – 4 and Na-ion batteries 2 , 5 , 6 , supercapacitors 7 , 8 , electrochemical solar cells 9 , 10 , photocatalysts 11 – 13 and so on. Titanium dioxide is recognized as a chemically stable semiconductor material.…”

“…Titanium dioxide is recognized as a chemically stable semiconductor material. It shows a wide band gap energy in the range of 3.0–3.2 eV and exhibits photocatalytic activity only when exposed to UV light (up to around 390 nm) 11 – 13 . Electron–hole pairs photogenerated on the TiO 2 surface show strong reducing and oxidizing properties 11 – 13 .…”

“…It shows a wide band gap energy in the range of 3.0–3.2 eV and exhibits photocatalytic activity only when exposed to UV light (up to around 390 nm) 11 – 13 . Electron–hole pairs photogenerated on the TiO 2 surface show strong reducing and oxidizing properties 11 – 13 . The values of the edge band potentials are suitable for the creation of reactive oxygen species, for example, the oxidation of water to a hydroxyl radical (∙OH), or the oxygen reduction to a superoxide radical anion ( · O 2 − ), which further increase the possibility of using this material in photocatalytic processes 11 – 13 .…”

“…Electron–hole pairs photogenerated on the TiO 2 surface show strong reducing and oxidizing properties 11 – 13 . The values of the edge band potentials are suitable for the creation of reactive oxygen species, for example, the oxidation of water to a hydroxyl radical (∙OH), or the oxygen reduction to a superoxide radical anion ( · O 2 − ), which further increase the possibility of using this material in photocatalytic processes 11 – 13 . To shift the light absorption of TiO 2 to the visible range of spectra, different strategies for TiO 2 modification were already proposed 11 – 13 .…”

“…The values of the edge band potentials are suitable for the creation of reactive oxygen species, for example, the oxidation of water to a hydroxyl radical (∙OH), or the oxygen reduction to a superoxide radical anion ( · O 2 − ), which further increase the possibility of using this material in photocatalytic processes 11 – 13 . To shift the light absorption of TiO 2 to the visible range of spectra, different strategies for TiO 2 modification were already proposed 11 – 13 . One of the possible approach to overcome the drawbacks mentioned above, is to dope the pristine material with different ions (i.e., N, Fe, Ni, Al, Zn, Cu) 14 – 16 or modify the surface of TiO 2 with metal, metal oxide, or carbon species 13 , 17 – 20 .…”