The effect of source animal age, decellularization protocol, and sterilization method on bovine acellular dermal matrix as a scaffold for wound healing and skin regeneration

Abstract

Background: Healing the full-thickness skin wounds has remained a challenge.One of the most frequently used grafts for skin regeneration is xenogeneic acellular dermal matrices (ADMs), including bovine ADMs. This study investigated the effect of the source animal age, enzymatic versus non-enzymatic decellularization protocols, and gamma irradiation versus ethylene oxide (EO) sterilization on the scaffold. Methods: ADMs were prepared using the dermises of fetal bovine or calf skins.All groups were decellularized through chemical and mechanical methods, unless T-FADM samples, in which an enzymatic step was added to the decellularization protocol. All groups were sterilized with ethylene oxide (EO), except G-FADM which was sterilized using gamma irradiation. The scaffolds were characterized through scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, tensile test, MTT assay, DNA quantification, and real-time PCR. The performance of the ADMs in wound treatment was also evaluated macroscopically and histologically.Results: All ADMs were effectively decellularized. In comparison to FADM (EOsterilized fetal ADM), morphological, and mechanical properties of G-FADM, T-FADM, and CADM (EOsterilized calf ADM) were changed to different extents. In addition, the CADM and G-FADM were thermally more stable than the FADM and T-FADM. Although all ADMs were noncytotoxic, the wounds of the FADM, T-FADM, and G-FADM groups were contracted to almost 30.0% of the original area on day 7, significantly faster than the CADM (17.5% ± 1.7) and control (12.2% ± 1.59) groups. However, by day 21, all ADMs were mostly closed except for the untreated group (60.1 ± 1.8). Conclusion:Altogether, fetal source and EO-sterilized samples performed better than calf source and gamma-sterilized samples unless in some mechanical properties. There was no added value in using enzymatic treatment during the decellularization process. Our results suggest that the age, decellularization, and

The Effect of Fetal Bovine Acellular Dermal Matrix Seeded with Wharton’s Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Healing Full-Thickness Skin Wounds

“…These results indicate that the decellularization method was effective for the preparation of FADM with favorable properties for downstream experiments. In addition, we previously reported that this decellularization method provided a matrix with favorable mechanical and thermal properties [ 25 ].…”

“…Our results showed that the use of xenograft ADM, in combination with WJ-MSCs, not only significantly improved wound healing but no inflammation or immunological reactions were observed, and no specific growth factors were used. In our previous work, we also showed that the use of FADM induced neovascularization and skin regeneration while no inflammation was observed [ 25 ]. Here, we also showed that FADM-WJ-MSCs express a higher level of antigenic factors when cultured in vitro for 7 days.…”

“…In our previous study, we reported that ADM from bovine could be efficiently used as a wound dresser in a rat model of full-thickness wounds. We found that the xenograft ADM improved the healing of wounds by up to 38% [ 25 ].…”

“…On days 7, 14, and 21 post-surgery, colored photographs were taken using a digital camera. These photographs were imported into ImageJ software (version 1.8.0), and wound closure was calculated as follows [ 25 ]: A 0 is the area of the wound at the initial time point, and A is the area of the wound at each postoperative time point.…”

Fabrication and multiscale modeling of polycaprolactone/amniotic membrane electrospun nanofiber scaffolds for wound healing

“…In this regard, protecting the wound from dehydration, supplying oxygen, and inhibiting infections are the primary roles of bioengineered skin substitutes. [12][13][14][15][16][17][18] Human ASCs are one of the main sources of stem cells for TE applications as they possess great benefits, including excellent proliferation ability, simplicity of isolation from adipose tissue, and hypoimmunogenic property. [19][20][21] More importantly, they secrete different growth factors (GFs) as well as anti-inflammatory cytokines that can promote neo-vascularization and re-epithelialization.…”