The Effect of Self-Employment on Health: Evidence from Longitudinal Social Security Data

Gonçalves, Judite; Martins, Pedro S.

doi:10.2139/ssrn.3117309

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…This could be attributed to the time constraints to seek treatment when they are sick and financial issues, as self-employed individuals were more likely to have irregular working hours. Furthermore, their incomes are directly dependent on their work [ 88 ]. Additionally, government employees are entitled to a higher number of days for paid sick leave [ 89 ] compared to those working in other than the public sector [ 90 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Health-Seeking Behavior among Malaysian Adults in Urban and Rural Areas Who Reported Sickness: Findings from the National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2019

Noh

Jawahir

Tan

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Understanding care-seeking behavior among urban and rural populations can help to support the planning and implementation of appropriate measures to improve health in the community. This study aims to determine the factors associated with the health-seeking behavior among Malaysian adults in urban and rural areas who reported sickness. This study used data of Malaysian adults aged 18 years and over from the National Health and Morbidity Survey 2019; a cross-sectional, national household survey that targeted all non-institutionalized residents in Malaysia. Respondent’s characteristics and health-seeking behavior were described using complex sample descriptive statistics. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the association between potential factors (sociodemographic characteristics, enabling, and health need) and health-seeking behaviors (seeking treatment from healthcare practitioners and self-medication). A total of 10,484 respondents, estimated to represent 18.9 million Malaysian adults aged 18 years and over, were included in the analysis. Prevalence of seeking treatment from healthcare practitioners and self-medication among Malaysian adults with self-reported sickness were 57.3% and 23.3%, respectively. Self-reported sickness among both the urban and rural populations who rated their health as poor to very poor was more likely to seek treatment than those who rated good to excellent. However, among the urban population, those who rated their health as poor to very poor were less likely to self-medicate. Among the urban population, government employees were more likely to seek treatment, and being without formal education significantly increased the likelihood to self-medicate. Among the rural population, those with at least one long-term condition were more likely to seek treatment than those with none. Understanding the factors which influence health-seeking behavior among the urban and rural population could close the gaps in healthcare utilization among the population in Malaysia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Health-Seeking Behavior among Malaysian Adults in Urban and Rural Areas Who Reported Sickness: Findings from the National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2019

Noh

Jawahir

Tan

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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“…Toivanen et al (2016) find that mortality from CVDs and suicide is lower among self-employed in Sweden, whereas Gauffin and Dunlavy (2021) find that poor health conditions are more common among self-employed than employed people in Sweden. Gonçalves and Martins (2018) report a low mortality rate among self-employed in Portugal. We categorize "marital status" into two groups: singles which include divorced, widowed and not married categories and couples which include any form of partnership.…”

Section: Socio-economic Factorsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Survival analysis of longitudinal data: the case of English population aged 50 and over

Qazvini

2023

J. Dem. Econ.

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This study considers data from 5 waves of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA). We aim to study the impact of demographic and self-rated health variables including disability and diseases on the survival of the population aged 50+. The disability variables that we consider are mobility impairment, difficulties in performing Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL). One of the problems with the survey study is missing observations. This may happen due to different reasons, such as errors, nonresponse and temporary withdrawals. We address this problem by applying single and multiple imputation methods. We then fit a Generalized Linear model (GLM) and Generalized Linear Mixed model (GLMM) to our data and show that a GLMM performs better than a GLM in terms of information criteria. We also look at the predictability of our models in terms of the time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and the area of ROC, i.e. AUC. We conclude that among the disability factors, IADL and among the diseases, cancer significantly affect the survival of the English population aged 50 and older.

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“…Another occupational group with high levels of sickness presenteeism is healthcare workers ( 5 ). In this case, work attendance during illness can undermine the quality of care provided, increase the likelihood of incidents that may compromise patient safety and clinical practise ( 17 ), and even lead to infecting patients and/or co-workers ( 18 ). Specific factors justifying these high levels of presenteeism or sickness presenteeism among health workers may include feelings of professionalism and loyalty ( 19 ), personal circumstances, and working conditions (stressful work, high complexity, long working hours, low staffing levels, etc.)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Presenteeism and mental health of workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review

García-Iglesias,

Gómez-Salgado,

Apostolo

et al. 2023

Front. Public Health

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BackgroundA large number of workers attend work despite being ill. Attending work during sickness can have a number of consequences for the worker (e.g., worsening of physical and mental condition), for co-workers, and for the company, and for service users.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to assess the factors influencing presenteeism and mental health of workers during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsA systematic review following the PRISMA format was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science (WoS), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), PsycInfo, and ScienceDirect electronic databases in January 2023, using the following key words: Presenteeism, Mental Health, and COVID-19. The eligibility criteria applied were original articles published in English, Spanish, French, German, and Portuguese, workers during the COVID-19 pandemic (data collection date: January 01, 2020 – January 01, 2023), and articles assessing at least one measure of presenteeism and mental health status. Methodological quality was assessed using the critical appraisal tools of the Joanna Briggs Institute. The followed protocol is listed in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) with code CRD42023391409.ResultsA total of 25 studies were included in this review recruiting a total of 164,274 participants. A number of factors influencing mental health and sickness presenteeism were identified: (1) mental health-related factors (burnout [in 4 studies], stress [in 9 studies], depression [in 1 study], fear of COVID-19 [in 1 study], no well-being [in 2 studies], etc.); (2) individual factors (health status [in 1 study], being young [in 1 study], workers who experienced interrupted medical care [in 2 studies], having a chronic disease [in 1 study], etc.); (3) factors related to the situation caused by COVID-19 (confinement, symptoms, loss of contract, risk of bankruptcy, etc. [in 1 study each one]); and (4) factors derived from working conditions (organisational support [in 1 study], patient care [in 1 study], work functioning or task performance impairment [in 4 studies], work fatigue [in 2 studies], safety climate [in 1 study], workload [in 1 study], etc.).ConclusionIdentifying the key determinants of presenteeism and understanding the phenomena and origins of sickness presenteeism will help to create a safe working environment and optimal organisational systems to protect vulnerable workers in a pandemic context.Systematic review registrationThe unique identifier is CRD42023391409.

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The Effect of Self-Employment on Health: Evidence from Longitudinal Social Security Data

Cited by 6 publications

References 14 publications

The Health-Seeking Behavior among Malaysian Adults in Urban and Rural Areas Who Reported Sickness: Findings from the National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2019

The Health-Seeking Behavior among Malaysian Adults in Urban and Rural Areas Who Reported Sickness: Findings from the National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2019

Survival analysis of longitudinal data: the case of English population aged 50 and over

Presenteeism and mental health of workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review

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