The effect of sea-ice growth on air&amp;#x2013;sea
                        CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; flux in a tank experiment

Nomura, Daïki; Yoshikawa-Inoue, Hisayuki; Toyota, Takenobu

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2006.00204.x

Cited by 72 publications

(109 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…2004; Nomura et al, 2006;Papadimitriou et al, 2004;Rysgaard et al, 2007Rysgaard et al, , 2011Rysgaard et al, , 2012Rysgaard et al, , 2013.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

“…the notion that given sufficiently permeable sea ice (Golden et al, 1998;Loose et al, 2011a, b), brine concentration/dilution alters the pCO 2 gradient across the sea-ice surface and thus the potential for CO 2 exchanges (Geilfus et al, 2012;Killawee et al, 1998;Tison et al, 2002;Nomura et al, 2006;Papadimitriou et al, 2004);…”

Section: Thermochemical Carbon Processes In the Icementioning

confidence: 99%

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Winter observations of CO2 exchange between sea ice and the atmosphere in a coastal fjord environment

et al. 2015

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Abstract. Eddy covariance observations of CO 2 fluxes were conducted during March-April 2012 in a temporally sequential order for 8, 4 and 30 days, respectively, at three locations on fast sea ice and on newly formed polynya ice in a coastal fjord environment in northeast Greenland. CO 2 fluxes at the sites characterized by fast sea ice (ICEI and DNB) were found to increasingly reflect periods of strong outgassing in accordance with the progression of springtime warming and the occurrence of strong wind events: F ICE1 CO 2 = 1.73 ± 5 mmol m −2 day −1 and F DNB CO 2 = 8.64 ± 39.64 mmol m −2 day −1 , while CO 2 fluxes at the polynya site (POLYI) were found to generally reflect uptake F POLY1 CO 2 = −9.97 ± 19.8 mmol m −2 day −1 . Values given are the mean and standard deviation, and negative/positive values indicate uptake/outgassing, respectively. A diurnal correlation analysis supports a significant connection between site energetics and CO 2 fluxes linked to a number of possible thermally driven processes, which are thought to change the pCO 2 gradient at the snow-ice interface. The relative influence of these processes on atmospheric exchanges likely depends on the thickness of the ice. Specifically, the study indicates a predominant influence of brine volume expansion/contraction, brine dissolution/concentration and calcium carbonate formation/dissolution at sites characterized by a thick sea-ice cover, such that surface warming leads to an uptake of CO 2 and vice versa, while convective overturning within the sea-ice brines dominate at sites characterized by comparatively thin sea-ice cover, such that nighttime surface cooling leads to an uptake of CO 2 to the extent permitted by simultaneous formation of superimposed ice in the lower snow column.

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“…2004; Nomura et al, 2006;Papadimitriou et al, 2004;Rysgaard et al, 2007Rysgaard et al, , 2011Rysgaard et al, , 2012Rysgaard et al, , 2013.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Section: Thermochemical Carbon Processes In the Icementioning

confidence: 99%

Winter observations of CO2 exchange between sea ice and the atmosphere in a coastal fjord environment

et al. 2015

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“…Hence, sea ice acts as a carbon pump during spring and summer. In contrast, during ice formation there are indications that sea ice acts as a CO 2 source as a consequence of the concentration of solutes in brines, CaCO 3 precipitation and microbial respiration (Geilfus et al, 2013b;Nomura et al, 2006;Tison et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CO2 and CH4 in sea ice from a subarctic fjord under influence of riverine input

et al. 2014

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Abstract. We present the CH 4 concentration [CH 4 ], the partial pressure of CO 2 (pCO 2 ) and the total gas content in bulk sea ice from subarctic, land-fast sea ice in the Kapisillit fjord, Greenland. Fjord systems are characterized by freshwater runoff and riverine input and based on δ 18 O data, we show that > 30 % of the surface water originated from periodic river input during ice growth. This resulted in fresher sea-ice layers with higher gas content than is typical from marine sea ice. The bulk ice [CH 4 ] ranged from 1.8 to 12.1 nmol L −1 , which corresponds to a partial pressure ranging from 3 to 28 ppmv. This is markedly higher than the average atmospheric methane content of 1.9 ppmv. Evidently most of the trapped methane within the ice was contained inside bubbles, and only a minor portion was dissolved in the brines. The bulk ice pCO 2 ranged from 60 to 330 ppmv indicating that sea ice at temperatures above −4 • C is undersaturated compared to the atmosphere (390 ppmv). This study adds to the few existing studies of CH 4 and CO 2 in sea ice, and we conclude that subarctic seawater can be a sink for atmospheric CO 2 , while being a net source of CH 4 .

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“…Most of the gases are then quickly released into the underlying ocean through convective brine release, where they partly sink, following dense waters convection [Killawee et al, 1998;Rysgaard et al, 2007;Sejr et al, 2011] or escape upwards through the open water-atmosphere interface [Nomura et al, 2006;.…”

Section: Gas Tracersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of sea ice in global biogeochemical cycles: emerging views and challenges

Vancoppenolle

Meiners

Michel

et al. 2013

Quaternary Science Reviews

215

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International audienceObservations from the last decade suggest an important role of sea ice in the global biogeochemical cycles, promoted by (i) active biological and chemical processes within the sea ice; (ii) fluid and gas exchanges at the sea ice interface through an often permeable sea ice cover; and (iii) tight physical, biological and chemical interactions between the sea ice, the ocean and the atmosphere. Photosynthetic micro-organisms in sea ice thrive in liquid brine inclusions encased in a pure ice matrix, where they find suitable light and nutrient levels. They extend the production season, provide a winter and early spring food source, and contribute to organic carbon export to depth. Under-ice and ice edge phytoplankton blooms occur when ice retreats, favoured by increasing light, stratification, and by the release of material into the water column. In particular, the release of iron - highly concentrated in sea ice - could have large effects in the iron-limited Southern Ocean. The export of inorganic carbon transport by brine sinking below the mixed layer, calcium carbonate precipitation in sea ice, as well as active ice-atmosphere carbon dioxide (CO₂) fluxes, could play a central role in the marine carbon cycle. Sea ice processes could also significantly contribute to the sulphur cycle through the large production by ice algae of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), the precursor of sulphate aerosols, which as cloud condensation nuclei have a potential cooling effect on the planet. Finally, the sea ice zone supports significant ocean-atmosphere methane (CH₄) fluxes, while saline ice surfaces activate springtime atmospheric bromine chemistry, setting ground for tropospheric ozone depletion events observed near both poles. All these mechanisms are generally known, but neither precisely understood nor quantified at large scales. As polar regions are rapidly changing, understanding the large-scale polar marine biogeochemical processes and their future evolution is of high priority. Earth system models should in this context prove essential, but they currently represent sea ice as biologically and chemically inert. Palaeoclimatic proxies are also relevant, in particular the sea ice proxies, inferring past sea ice conditions from glacial and marine sediment core records and providing analogues for future changes. Being highly constrained by marine biogeochemistry, sea ice proxies would not only contribute to but also benefit from a better understanding of polar marine biogeochemical cycles

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The effect of sea-ice growth on air–sea CO<sub>2</sub> flux in a tank experiment

Cited by 72 publications

References 33 publications

Winter observations of CO<sub>2</sub> exchange between sea ice and the atmosphere in a coastal fjord environment

Winter observations of CO<sub>2</sub> exchange between sea ice and the atmosphere in a coastal fjord environment

CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> in sea ice from a subarctic fjord under influence of riverine input

Role of sea ice in global biogeochemical cycles: emerging views and challenges

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The effect of sea-ice growth on air&#x2013;sea CO<sub>2</sub> flux in a tank experiment

Cited by 72 publications

References 33 publications

Winter observations of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; exchange between sea ice and the atmosphere in a coastal fjord environment

Winter observations of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; exchange between sea ice and the atmosphere in a coastal fjord environment

CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; in sea ice from a subarctic fjord under influence of riverine input

Role of sea ice in global biogeochemical cycles: emerging views and challenges

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The effect of sea-ice growth on air–sea CO<sub>2</sub> flux in a tank experiment

Winter observations of CO<sub>2</sub> exchange between sea ice and the atmosphere in a coastal fjord environment

Winter observations of CO<sub>2</sub> exchange between sea ice and the atmosphere in a coastal fjord environment

CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> in sea ice from a subarctic fjord under influence of riverine input