The Effect of Priming with Photographs of Environmental Settings on Walking Speed in an Outdoor Environment

Franěk, Marek; Režný, Lukáš

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00073

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 84 publications

(100 reference statements)

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“…Interestingly, no one examined the walking speed of various social groups, specifically the walking speed of young university students. Consistent with the present study, we observed similarly fast walking speeds in our previous experiments that were conducted with university students on routes in the same city [ 13 , 19 , 20 , 33 ], although different paradigms and methodologies of measurement have been used.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…The present study continues our previous investigations of pedestrian walking pace in a real outdoor urban environment [ 13 , 19 , 20 , 33 ]. To systematically examine the effects of different environmental sounds on walking speed, we asked participants to listen either to traffic noise or relaxation nature sounds while walking on an outdoor route.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…A large number of studies have documented that viewing surrogate nature (photographs, slides, paintings, window views, videos, and virtual computer-generated nature scenes) resulted in decreased stress, increased positive emotions, and decreased negative emotions [ 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ]. In accordance with these findings, our recent study showed that the presentation of photographs of nature scenes prior to an outdoor walk decreased walking speed when contrasted with priming with photographs of shopping malls, and a control condition without any priming [ 33 ].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 58%

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Effect of Traffic Noise and Relaxations Sounds on Pedestrian Walking Speed

Franěk

Režný

Šefara

et al. 2018

IJERPH

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Exposure to noise in everyday urban life is considered to be an environmental stressor. A specific outcome of reactions to environmental stress is a fast pace of life that also includes a faster pedestrian walking speed. The present study examined the effect of listening to annoying acoustical stimuli (traffic noise) compared with relaxation sounds (forest birdsong) on walking speed in a real outdoor urban environment. The participants (N = 83) walked along an urban route of 1.8 km. They listened to either traffic noise or forest birdsong, or they walked without listening to any acoustical stimuli in the control condition. The results showed that participants listening to traffic noise walked significantly faster on the route than both the participants listening to forest birdsong sounds and the participants in the control condition. Participants who listened to forest birdsong walked slightly slower than those under control conditions; however, this difference was not significant. Analysis of the walk experience showed that participants who listened to forest birdsong during the walk liked the route more than those who listened to traffic sounds. The study demonstrated that exposure to traffic noise led to an immediate increase in walking speed. It was also shown that exposure to noise may influence participants’ perception of an environment. The same environment may be more liked in the absence of noise or in the presence of relaxation sounds. The study also documented the positive effect of listening to various kinds of relaxation sounds while walking in an outdoor environment with traffic noise.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 58%

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Effect of Traffic Noise and Relaxations Sounds on Pedestrian Walking Speed

Franěk

Režný

Šefara

et al. 2018

IJERPH

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“…The setting of the exercise images had a significant impact on people's non-conscious and reflective evaluations of the images. These findings align with past evidence showing that outside exercise may have more substantial mood-enhancing effects than inside exercise (Plante et al, 2007 ) and the general preference toward images of natural environments (Ulrich, 1986 ; Franěk and Režný, 2017 ). When considering images for use in exercise interventions, it may be worthwhile to use outside settings when possible.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Reflective and Non-conscious Responses to Exercise Images

et al. 2018

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Images portraying exercise are commonly used to promote exercise behavior and to measure automatic associations of exercise (e.g., via implicit association tests). The effectiveness of these promotion efforts and the validity of measurement techniques partially rely on the untested assumption that the images being used are perceived by the general public as portrayals of exercise that is pleasant and motivating. The aim of this study was to investigate how content of images impacted people's automatic and reflective evaluations of exercise images. Participants (N = 90) completed a response time categorization task (similar to the implicit association test) to capture how automatically people perceived each image as relevant to Exercise or Not exercise. Participants also self-reported their evaluations of the images using visual analog scales with the anchors: Exercise/Not exercise, Does not motivate me to exercise/Motivates me to exercise, Pleasant/Unpleasant, and Energizing/Deactivating. People tended to more strongly automatically associate images with exercise if the images were of an outdoor setting, presented sport (as opposed to active labor or gym-based) activities, and included young (as opposed to middle-aged) adults. People tended to reflectively find images of young adults more motivating and relevant to exercise than images of older adults. The content of exercise images is an often overlooked source of systematic variability that may impact measurement validity and intervention effectiveness.

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“…In the only prior study that examined the difference between DWS and LWS [21], although DWS was measured by an acceleration sensor and was slower than reported in the current study (1.15 m/s in people aged 60-69 years), DWS was still slower than LWS (1.22 m/s in people aged 60-69 years), as in the current study. Previous research indicated that walking speed reflects not only individuals' walking circumference, but also their mood [32]. Therefore, DWS could reflect factors other than walking ability.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between Daily Living Walking Speed and Walking Speed in Laboratory Settings in Healthy Older Adults

Kawai

Obuchi²,

Watanabe

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Although there is evidence on the predictors of adverse health outcomes in older individuals, walking speed has typically been measured in laboratory settings (LWS); LWS may be distinct from individuals' actual walking speed in their daily lives (DWS). We examined whether DWS differs from LWS among older adults, and its association with physical frailty. Participants were 90 community-dwelling older adults. A five-meter normal (LWS nor ) and maximum (LWS max ) walking speed was measured with a stopwatch. DWS was measured using a global positioning system-related smartphone application for one month during their daily lives. DWS avr , DWS max , and DWS sd were defined as the average, maximum, and standard deviation of walking speed for one month. Participants' mean DWS avr and DWS max were 1.28 m/s and 2.14 m/s, respectively, significantly slower than the mean LWS nor (1.42 m/s) and LWS max (2.24 m/s); the intraclass correlation coefficient between DWS and LWS were 0.188 to 0.341. DWS was significantly correlated with grip strength, one-legged stance, and LWS. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of DWS sd concerning pre-frailty was largest among DWSs, at 0.615, while that of LWS nor was 0.643. The findings suggest that DWS differs from LWS and is associated with physical function and pre-frailty.

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The Effect of Priming with Photographs of Environmental Settings on Walking Speed in an Outdoor Environment

Cited by 10 publications

References 84 publications

Effect of Traffic Noise and Relaxations Sounds on Pedestrian Walking Speed

Effect of Traffic Noise and Relaxations Sounds on Pedestrian Walking Speed

Reflective and Non-conscious Responses to Exercise Images

Association between Daily Living Walking Speed and Walking Speed in Laboratory Settings in Healthy Older Adults

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