The effect of pre-oxidation parameters on the corrosion behavior of AISI 441 in dual atmosphere

Goebel, Claudia; Alnegren, Patrik; Faust, Robin; Svensson, Jan‐Erik; Froitzheim, Jan

doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.05.165

Cited by 35 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(27 reference statements)

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“…The extent of breakaway oxidation of the 0.2 mm thick ground sample and the asreceived sample differ a lot, with the latter being nearly completely covered by breakaway oxidation. This is in agreement with earlier published results that indicate grinding improves the resistance against the dual atmosphere effect (16). Figure 1.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 94%

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The Influence of Different Factors on the Dual Atmosphere Effect Observed for AISI 441 Interconnects Used in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

et al. 2019

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J. et al (2019) The influence of different factors on the dual atmosphere effect observed for AISI 441 interconnects used in solid oxide fuel cells ECS Transactions, 91(1): 2261-2266 http://dx.Interconnects used in solid oxide fuel cells are subjected to dual atmosphere corrosion at 600 °C. In this work we show that the dual atmosphere effect is dependent on the thickness of the steel sheet. For this AISI 441 with varying thicknesses was exposed to dual atmosphere at 600 °C for 336 h. Before and after exposure photographs were taken to analyze the progress of corrosion on the air-facing side of the steel samples. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray diffraction (SEM/EDX) analysis was conducted on all exposed samples. It was found that thinner samples showed increased breakaway oxidation than thicker samples.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 94%

“…Except for the edges, the as-received AISI 441 is completely covered with an iron rich oxide layer. From previous studies (9,10,16) it can be assumed that all the iron-rich oxide formed on the sample surface is outward growing Fe2O3 with an inward growing mixed (Cr,Fe)3O4 beneath it. Figure 2.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Different Factors on the Dual Atmosphere Effect Observed for AISI 441 Interconnects Used in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

et al. 2019

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“…The pre-oxidation process was conducted to convert the metallic Co to Co3O4 prior to oxidation testing. Pre-oxidation is suggested in the literature as a way to improve oxidation resistance of bare alloys by forming a protective oxide scale prior to the test [41,75]. Scale growth can also be expected to occur during the heat treatment of the coatings listed above.…”

Section: Oxidation Of Coated Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Alnegren et al investigated the dual atmosphere effect on corrosion behavior of stainless steel 441 at 600 °C [39][40][41]. So far, no oxidation study has evaluated a PCFC/PCEC interconnect in both an intermediate temperature range and a higher humidity oxidizing environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ferritic stainless steel interconnects for protonic ceramic electrochemical cell stacks: Oxidation behavior and protective coatings

Wang

Sun

Choi

et al. 2019

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

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Protonic ceramic fuel or electrolysis cells (PCFC/PCEC) have shown promising performance at intermediate temperatures. However, these technologies have not yet been demonstrated in a stack, hence the oxidation behavior of the metallic interconnect under relevant operating environments is unknown. In this work, ferritic stainless steels 430 SS, 441 SS, and Crofer 22 APU were investigated for their use as interconnect materials in the PCFC/PCEC stack. The bare metal sheets were exposed to a humidified air environment in the temperature range from 450 °C to 650 °C, to simulate their application in a PCFC cathode or PCEC anode. Breakaway oxidation with rapid weight gain and Fe outward diffusion/oxidation was observed on all the selected 2 stainless steel materials. A protective coating is deemed necessary to prevent the metallic interconnect from oxidizing.To mitigate the observed breakaway oxidation, state-of-the-art protective coatings, Y2O3, Ce0.02Mn1.49Co1.49O4, CuMn1.8O4 and Ce/Co, were applied to the stainless steel sheets and their oxidation resistance was investigated. Dual atmosphere testing further validated the effectiveness of the protective coatings in realistic PCFC/PCEC environments, with a hydrogen gradient across the interconnect. Several combinations of metal and coating material were found to be viable for use as the interconnect for PCFC/PCEC stacks. electrolyzers for high temperature water splitting and for co-electrolysis of CO2 and H2O [9][10][11][12].To split water, steam is supplied to the oxygen electrode of the PCEC and dry hydrogen is produced in the fuel electrode, so removal of steam from hydrogen is not needed, and electrochemical compression of H2 can be achieved [4,5]. For co-electrolysis of CO2 and H2O, the lower operating temperature of PCECs favors in-situ Fischer-Tropsch reactions [13], which are the rate-controlling reactions for co-electrolysis in solid oxide electrolyzer cells (SOEC) [14].The lower operating temperature further allows the use of less expensive interconnect and balance-of-plant (BoP) materials, resulting in lower manufacturing costs [15].Although protonic ceramic cell technology has shown great promise, most of the research and development efforts have focused only on the single cell level [1,2,4,7,[16][17][18][19]. Recently, researchers from South Korea demonstrated a scaled-up (5 × 5 cm 2 ) single protonic ceramic fuel cell that showed exciting high initial performance at intermediate temperatures [20]. Up to now, however, stack development of protonic ceramic cells has not been reported. Much work is still needed to realize large-scale application of protonic ceramic cell stacks.To implement protonic ceramic cells at a stack/system scale, it is important to select interconnect materials that are compatible with PCFC/PCEC operating atmospheres and temperatures. For PCFC, one side of the interconnect is exposed to a fuel-water mixture (water is needed for internal reforming), and the other side is exposed to air and generates humidity (humidity is present becau...

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“…These components are typically made of ferritic stainless steels (FSSs) that have a suitable oxidation resistance, a coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) matching with the one of the other components of the fuel cells (11.5-14.0 × 10 −6 K −1 from room temperature to 800 • C), good thermal and electrical conductivity, good manufacturability, suitable mechanical properties, easy fabricability, and affordable costs [6,7,[9][10][11]. In particular, CROFER22APU, CROFER22H and AISI441 are grades commonly used as MICs for these applications [12][13][14][15][16][17]. Their high Cr content promotes the growth of: (i) a protective Cr 2 O 3 scale; (ii) a Cr-Mn spinel as a top layer thanks to the presence of Mn in the alloy (with contents below 1 wt%) [18,19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Metallic Interconnects Extracted from Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Stacks Operated up to 20,000 h in Real Life Conditions: The Air Side

et al. 2020

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Metallic interconnects represent the main component of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stack in terms of weight and volume. They are typically made of ferritic stainless steel (FSS) coated on the air side. At the stack operating conditions, the interconnect is exposed to a dual atmosphere: air at the cathode side; fuel (a hydrogen-rich mixture) at the anode side. The stacks considered in this study were field operated in reformed natural gas for 5000, 9000 and 20,000 h respectively. The analyzed interconnects are made from CROFER22APU and coated on the air side with Co-Mn base spinel. One interconnect has been studied for each stack by sampling and preparing cross section the inlet and outlet positions. The samples were characterized by SEM-EDXS in order to investigate the evolution of the interconnect at the air side. The interaction between the metal substrate and the coating is investigated highlighting the formation of chromia based thermal grown oxide (at the FSS/coating interface) and the solid-state diffusion of Cr and Fe from the metal into the coating. The microstructural features evolving as a function of time are also quantified.

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The effect of pre-oxidation parameters on the corrosion behavior of AISI 441 in dual atmosphere

Cited by 35 publications

References 31 publications

The Influence of Different Factors on the Dual Atmosphere Effect Observed for AISI 441 Interconnects Used in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

The Influence of Different Factors on the Dual Atmosphere Effect Observed for AISI 441 Interconnects Used in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Ferritic stainless steel interconnects for protonic ceramic electrochemical cell stacks: Oxidation behavior and protective coatings

Characterization of Metallic Interconnects Extracted from Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Stacks Operated up to 20,000 h in Real Life Conditions: The Air Side

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