The effect of occlusion of the skin with transdermal therapeutic system on Langerhans' cells and the induction of skin irritation

Nieboer, C.

doi:10.1001/archderm.123.11.1499

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Some transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) may indeed provoke dermatitis when applied twice weekly to the same site and have demonstrated marked cytotoxicity to Langerhans cells, melanocytes and keratinocytes. Nieboer et al (34) …”

Section: Effects Of Occlusion On Barrier Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occlusion vs. skin barrier function

Zhai

Maibach

2002

Skin Research and Technology

168

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Background/aims: Skin occlusion may increase percutaneous absorption of applied chemicals, with some exceptions. It also obstructs the normal ventilation of the skin surface and increases stratum corneum hydration and hence compromises skin barrier function. Methods/results: This review focuses the effects of occlusion on skin barrier function, in particularly, as defined with objective skin bioengineering technology. Conclusions: The effects of occlusion on skin barrier function have been defined with various techniques. Optimal hydrocolloid materials can absorb excess water and reduce the unfavourable effects of occlusion.

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Section: Effects Of Occlusion On Barrier Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occlusion vs. skin barrier function

Zhai

Maibach

2002

Skin Research and Technology

168

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“…This is presumably in part due to increased hydration, which may influence barrier function (5) and keep the penetrant in solution (6). Occlusivity per se may also influence repair of skin barrier function (7), and may cause slight skin irritation (8,9). Thus, occlusion may aggravate skin irritation by different interrelated phenomena.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Post‐application occlusion substantially increases the irritant response of the skin to repeated short‐term sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) exposure

Valk

Maibach

1989

Contact Dermatitis

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Occlusion often, but not always, enhances percutaneous absorption and thus may facilitate skin irritation. Quantitative data about the impact occlusivity may have on minimal irritant stimuli to which the skin is exposed in daily life, and which may lead to chronic irritant contact dermatitis, are however lacking. Irritant stimuli were administered by repeated application of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) in an open application procedure. After the open exposure, the skin was either left open or occluded with plastic. Skin irritancy was assessed by means of visual grading and by transepidermal water loss (TEWL) measurements. Post-exposure occlusive treatment markedly enhanced the irritant response. 5 consecutive daily applications produced more irritation, with or without occlusion, than alternate day application. Occlusion may be a relevant factor in the development of irritant contact dermatitis from certain chemicals.

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“…Irritation is a common side effect of a TIS, which is due to accumulation of humidity, sweat and microbial overgrowth (6). Mild irritant reactions to the layers of the TIS were also very common in our cases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 50%

“…In practice, this transient irritation due to occlusion is often of little importance, since the TIS is typically applied for 24 h or less at one skin site. On the other hand, severe irritation elicited either by the TTS or the drug may facilitate sensitization (6,7). A severe irritant reaction to the 50% nicotine base was present in all subjects except those with a clearly allergic patch test reaction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Adverse skin reactions to nicotine in a transdermal therapeutic system

Bircher

Howald

Rufli³

1991

Contact Dermatitis

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Nicotine in a transdermal therapeutic system (TTS) has been introduced recently to help people to stop smoking. 14 volunteers (10 male, 4 female) with a history of former adverse skin reactions to this device were investigated. Skin tests for contact urticaria and patch tests for contact allergy were done with the individual components of the TTS. Contact sensitization to nicotine was identified in 5 and to the TTS itself in 1 individual. Irritant reactions due to occlusion were present in 9 subjects. The optimal test agent and concentration for elucidating the adverse skin reaction was an aqueous solution of 10% nicotine base. Atopy, as diagnosed by history and skin prick tests to common inhalant allergens, and contact sensitization to standard patch test allergens, were each identified in 6 subjects. Nicotine should be added to the expanding list of transdermally delivered drugs which may elicit contact dermatitis.

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The effect of occlusion of the skin with transdermal therapeutic system on Langerhans' cells and the induction of skin irritation

Cited by 9 publications

References 0 publications

Occlusion vs. skin barrier function

Occlusion vs. skin barrier function

Post‐application occlusion substantially increases the irritant response of the skin to repeated short‐term sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) exposure

Adverse skin reactions to nicotine in a transdermal therapeutic system

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