The effect of HCl and NaOH treatment on structural transformations in a ball-milled anthracite after thermal and chemical processing

Lueking, Angela D.; Gutiérrez, Humberto; Jain, Puja; Essandelft, Dirk T. Van; Burgess-Clifford, Caroline

doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2007.04.027

Cited by 19 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Recently, Lueking et al 19 reported the formation of nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) as a byproduct during the hydrogenative ball milling of anthracite coal with cyclohexene for the production and storage of hydrogen. Additionally, in the year of 2007, Lueking and her co-workers 20 reported the formation of nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) after reactive ball milling of anthracite coal with cyclohexene, a high-temperature (1400 °C) thermal anneal, and 4 M HCl treatment followed by 10 M NaOH treatment. Sun et al 21 reported the recrystallization of the carbon network into diamonds when the anthracite coal functionalized with dodecyl groups was irradiated with electron beam.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this Letter, the discovery of the formation of some typical nanodiamond suspensions, formed during low-power ultrasound-assisted exfoliation of Northeast Indian low-grade coals is reported. In our investigation, we used low-power ultrasound and low-grade coals as carbon source instead of high-power ultrasound and graphite as carbon source as reported by Khachatryan et al 18 We had also not used any high grade coal (i.e., anthracite coal) as reported by Lueking et al 19,20 and Sun et al 21 Although, several researchers 58−61 along with our previous studies, 62,63 reported the sulfur and mineral matter removal of different types of coals by using ultrasound-assisted methods, but the formation of nanodiamond was not reported in those experiments. The main novelty of our investigation is that the carbon source is from low-grade coal feedstock, which is typically different and cheap from other carbon sources.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nanodiamonds Produced from Low-Grade Indian Coals

Das

Saikia

2017

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Coal is considered to be an abundantly available cheap feedstock for the fabrication of carbon nanomaterials. In this Letter, a report on the formation of nanodiamond from low-grade coals during low-power ultrasonic-assisted stimulation in hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) followed by dialysis in 1 kDa is given. High resolution-transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, ultraviolet− visible spectroscopy (UV−vis), fluorescence (FL), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy analyses revealed the formation of carbon nanocrystals of monocrystalline and polycrystalline form with multiple plans. The nominal size of the carbon nanocrystals are found to be in the range of 4−15 nm. The planar spacing of the crystal lattice fingers is in the range of 2.0−2.3 Å and are in good agreement with the lattice planes of various diamond phases including cubic diamond and lonsdaleite. The present work significantly contributes an additional synthetic methodology of nanodiamond production by using the cheap low-grade coal feedstock. The nanodiamond formed shows bright blue fluorescence under UV-light with excitation dependent and holding promising application in bioimaging engineering, photovoltaics, and optoelectronics.

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Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanodiamonds Produced from Low-Grade Indian Coals

Das

Saikia

2017

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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“…5 Anthracite coals are known to be highly ordered and are thus similar to graphite in terms of structure and thermodynamics; yet, the substitution of heteroatoms and certain cross-linkages within anthracite make anthracite slightly less stable than graphite. 6 Coal crystallite is extremely small and contains significant amounts of aliphatic side chains on its edges. These small crystallites can be linked via their side chains to form the so-called macromolecule, with the amorphous carbon (C am ) being trapped in it.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural Characterization of Hydrogen Peroxide-Oxidized Anthracites by X-ray Diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and Raman Spectra

et al. 2014

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The structural characteristics of raw coal and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-oxidized coals were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectra, and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The results indicate that the derivative coals oxidized by H(2)O(2) are improved noticeably in aromaticity and show an increase first and then a decrease up to the highest aromaticity at 24 h. The stacking layer number of crystalline carbon decreases and the aspect ratio (width versus stacking height) increases with an increase in oxidation time. The content of crystalline carbon shows the same change tendency as the aromaticity measured by XRD. The hydroxyl bands of oxidized coals become much stronger due to an increase in soluble fatty acids and alcohols as a result of the oxidation of the aromatic and aliphatic C-H bonds. In addition, the derivative coals display a decrease first and then an increase in the intensity of aliphatic C-H bond and present a diametrically opposite tendency in the aromatic C-H bonds with an increase in oxidation time. There is good agreement with the changes of aromaticity and crystalline carbon content as measured by XRD and Raman spectra. The particle size of oxidized coals (<200 nm in width) shows a significant decrease compared with that of raw coal (1 μm). This study reveals that the optimal oxidation time is ∼24 h for improving the aromaticity and crystalline carbon content of H(2)O(2)-oxidized coals. This process can help us obtain superfine crystalline carbon materials similar to graphite in structure.

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“…They found iron (Fe) to act as a catalyst for the formation of fullerenes and silicon (Si) to act as a substrate for this process. Lueking et al studied the structural transformations of ball-milled coal after alkali treatment [6]. They observed the formation of iron carbides during this process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%