The effect of habitat fragmentation on dispersal patterns, mating behavior, and genetic variation in a pika ( Ochotona princeps ) metapopulation

Peacock, Mary M.; Smith, Andrew T.

doi:10.1007/s004420050341

Cited by 119 publications

(157 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Linhart & Grant 1996), insects (e.g. Price 1984), amphibians (Storfer & Sih 1998), and terrestrial mammals (Peacock & Smith 19971, input from other populations reduces prospects for local genetic differentiation and speciation (Mayr 1970, Hart1 1980, Vermeij 1982, Valentine & Jablonski 1983, Slatkin 1985, Futuyma 1986, Strathmann 1986, Yamada 1989, Barton 1992, Bossart & Scriber 1995, Craddock et al 1995, Scheltema 1995, Gallardo & Carrasco 1996, Garcia-Ramos & Klrkpatnck 1997, Johannesson & Tatarenkov 1997, King & Lawson 1997, Kruuk & Gilchrist 1997, Peacock & Smith 1997. Even a low rate of lnput from distant populations can 'swamp selection' and prevent major evolu.tionary change (Mayr 1970, Barton 1992, Peterson 1996, Grant & da Silva-Tatley 1997, King & Lawson 1997.…”

Section: Accounting For Larvae In Invertebrate Life Historiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the advantages and disadvantages of larval stages in benthic marine invertebrate life cycles

Pechenik¹

1999

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

589

424

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many benthic marine invertebrates develop by means of free-livlng, dispersive larval stages. The presumed advantages of such larvae include the avoidance of competition for resources with adults, temporary reduct~on of benthic mortality while in the plankton, decreased likelihood of inbreeding in the next generation, and increased ability to withstand local extinction However, the direct~on of evolutionary change appears generally b~a s e d toward the loss of larvae in many clades, implying that larvae are somehow disadvantageous. Poss~ble disadvantages include dispersal away from favorable habitat, mismatches between larval and luvenile physiological tolerances, greater susceptib~lity to env~ronmental stresses, greater susceptibihty to predation. and vanous costs that may be associated with n~etanlorphosing in response to specific chemical cues and postponing n~etamorphosis in the absence of those cues. Understanding the forces responsible for the present distribution of larval and non-larval (aplanktonlc) development among benthic marine invertebrates, and the potential influence of human activities on the direct~on of future evolutionary change in 1-eproductlve patterns, will require a better understanding of the following issues. the role of macro-evolutionary forces in selecting for or against dispersive larvae, the relative tolerances of encapsulated embryos and free-living larvae to salinity, pollutant, and other environmental stresses; the degree to which egg masses, e g g capsules, and brood chambers protect developing embryos from environmental stresses; the relative magmtude of predation by planktonic and benthic predators on both larvae and early juveniles; the way In which larval and juvenile size affect vulnerability to predators; the extent to w h~c h encapsulation and brooding protect against predators; the amount of genetic change associated with loss of larvae from invertebrate life cycles and the time required to accomplish that change; and the degree to which continued input of larvae from other populations deters selection against dispersive larvae The prominence of larval development in modern life cycles may reflect difficulties In loslng larvae from llfe cycles more than selection for their retention.

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Section: Accounting For Larvae In Invertebrate Life Historiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the advantages and disadvantages of larval stages in benthic marine invertebrate life cycles

Pechenik¹

1999

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

589

424

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“…Several theoretical and experimental studies have analysed the effects of fragmentation and habitat size on the survival probability of populations (Peacock and Smith 1997;Hanski 1999;Knutsen et al 2000), followed by reduced geneflow, increased genetic drift and subsequent loss of genetic diversity (Holzhauer et al 2005), often correlated with severe reductions of the fitness of the individuals (Taylor et al 1993;Frankham et al 2002;Hansson and Westerberg 2002;Reed and Frankham 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The genetic consequence of differing ecological demands of a generalist and a specialist butterfly species

2009

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Many studies aim at testing the impact of recent fragmentation on the genetic diversity and connectivity of populations, while some species do exist naturally in fragmented landscapes because of their habitat requirements. Therefore, it is important to look at the genetic signatures of species occurring in naturally fragmented landscapes in order to disentangle the effect of fragmentation from the effect of habitat requirements. We selected two Nymphalid butterflies for this purpose. While Melanargia galathea is a common butterfly in flower-rich meadows, Melitaea aurelia is closely connected to calcareous grasslands, thus being historically fragmented due to its ecological demands. For the analysis of the genetic response on these opposed patterns, we analysed 18 allozyme loci for 789 individuals (399 individuals of M. galathea and 390 individuals of M. aurelia) in a western German study region with adjacent areas in Luxemburg and northeastern France. Both species showed similarly low genetic differentiations among local populations (M. galathea: F ST 3.3%; M. aurelia: F ST 3.6%), both combined with a moderate level of inbreeding. Isolation-by-distance analysis revealed a significant correlation for both species with similar amounts of explained variances (M. galathea: r 2 = 27.8%; M. aurelia: r 2 = 28.5%). Most parameters of genetic diversity were higher in M. galathea than in M. aurelia, but the latter species had a considerably higher amount of rare or locally restricted genes; the differing ecological demands are thus reflected in these differences. Both species thus seem to be genetically well suited to their respective ecological requirements. In the light of conservation genetics, we deduce that highly fragmented populations are not necessarily prone to extinction. The extinction risk might be linked to the life history of an organism and its population genetic structure.

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“…Strong et al 1984;Golden and Crist 1999). Furthermore, most earlier studies of habitat fragmentation have focused on conspicuous animals like large mammals (Bowers et al 1996;Peacock and Smith 1997), birds (Schmiegelow et al 1997) and butterflies (Cappuccino and Martin 1997;Sutcliffe et al 1997), or plants (Holt et al 1995. Experimental studies of the effect of small-scale fragmentation on less conspicuous animal species are scarce.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short-term responses of plants and invertebrates to experimental small-scale grassland fragmentation

et al. 2000

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The fragmentation of natural habitats is generally considered to be a major threat to biodiversity. We investigated short-term responses of vascular plants (grasses and forbs) and four groups of invertebrates (ants, butterflies, grasshoppers and gastropods) to experimental fragmentation of calcareous grassland in the north-western Jura mountains, Switzerland. Three years after the initiation of fragmentation - which was created and maintained by mowing the area between the fragments - we compared species richness, diversity and composition of the different groups and the abundance of single species in fragments of different size (area: 20.25 m, 2.25 m and 0.25 m) with those in corresponding control plots. The abundances of 19 (29%) of the 65 common species examined were affected by fragmentation. However, the experimental fragmentation affected different taxonomic groups and single species to a different extent. Butterflies, the most mobile animals among the invertebrates studied, reacted most sensitively: species richness and foraging abundances of single butterfly species were lower in fragments than in control plots. Of the few other taxonomic groups or single species that were affected by the experimental fragmentation, most had a higher species richness or abundance in fragments than in control plots. This is probably because the type of fragmentation used is beneficial to some plants via decreased competition intensity along the fragment edges, and because some animals may use fragments as retreats between foraging bouts into the mown isolation area.

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The effect of habitat fragmentation on dispersal patterns, mating behavior, and genetic variation in a pika ( Ochotona princeps ) metapopulation

Cited by 119 publications

References 46 publications

On the advantages and disadvantages of larval stages in benthic marine invertebrate life cycles

On the advantages and disadvantages of larval stages in benthic marine invertebrate life cycles

The genetic consequence of differing ecological demands of a generalist and a specialist butterfly species

Short-term responses of plants and invertebrates to experimental small-scale grassland fragmentation

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