The Effect of Growth Regulators on Quality Parameters and Ginsenosides Accumulation in Panax quinquefolium L. Roots

Abstract

American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) is a perennial medicinal herb originally grown in Canada and USA, and recently also in China, Australia, Holland and Poland. Several commercial preparations are produced from ginseng roots, that are known for their antifatigue, antitumor, antistress and immune system stimulating functions. The medicinal properties are due mainly to the active components -ginsenosides. In this work, the results of field cultivation experiments are presented that examine the effects of foliar application of several growth regulators on quality parameters and ginsenoside content of P. quinuefolium roots. The growth regulators tested, i.e., kinetin, daminozide, mixture of gibberellic acid (GA 3 ) with potassium salt of a-naphthalene acetic acid (kNAA) and new preparation -IPO-1 -benzimidazole derivative (obtained from the Institute of Organic Industry in Warsaw -at present during the process of patent), were applied at a concentration of 100 or 200 mg l À1 in the middle of June in the 2nd year of vegetation. After 4 years of cultivation, the roots were dug up and dried, and subsequently the quantitative analysis of individual saponins (R b1 , R b2 , R c , R d , R e , R g1 ) by HPLC was performed. Growth regulators significantly affected quality parameters, morphological features and accumulation of individual and total ginsenosides in ginseng roots. Regardless of doses, the plant roots treated with growth regulators had a higher content of total ginsenosides in comparison to the control. The growth regulators also affected individual ginsenosides level and narrowed the ratio of R b :R g group. The application of kinetin, daminozide and benzimidazole derivative for foliar spray during 2nd year of American ginseng vegetation caused a significant increase in air dry weight of roots and aboveground parts whereas the mixture of GA 3 and kNAA showed a decreasing effect. An increase of roots size was observed using higher doses (200 mg l À1 ) of kinetin and daminozide while a decreasing tendency appeared with the application of the other preparations.

A preliminary study on suitability of growing ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) in western Himalayan region

“…Choi et al (2007), while studying the chemical characteristics of the field and mountain-cultivated ginseng roots, recorded 6.80 and 7.24 mg/g Rb1 in five-year-old roots, respectively, which was similar to the content recorded in our study. These results were in line with the studies of Kołodziej et al (2006) and Ahn et al (2013) while studying the accumulation of ginsenosides in ginseng roots. Similarly, Dai et al (2020) also recorded various ginsenosides like Rb1, Rb2, Rg1, and Rg2 in the same range as recorded in our study.…”

“…The height of P. wangianus, P. japonicus and P. vietnamensis aerial shoots showed a similar pattern in growth relative to the plant age (Shu 2007). Kołodziej et al (2006) reported that there were three to five leaflets in P. quinquefolium two-year-old plant, 10 leaflets from three to six years which keep on increasing and reached 20 leaflets in 10-to 11-year-old plants. These growth trends are as per the studies of Guo et al (2010).…”

Adventitious root induction in Ophiorrhiza prostrata: a tool for the production of camptothecin (an anticancer drug) and rapid propagation

“…Current production of CPTs relies on their extraction from intact plants of different species. Root culture in vitro (adventitious or transformed) is reported to have a remarkable ability to produce plant secondary metabolites (Barbara et al 2006;Wadegaonkar et al 2006;Wu et al 2007;Putalun et al 2007;Verma et al 2007). Rapid propagation of the plants as well as the induction of transformed/ untransformed roots in vitro is the most feasible strategy for removing the stress on the natural population.…”

Abiotic Factors Influencing Growth and Ginsenoside Content of Panax ginseng Roots

“…Ginsenoside content is affected by water stress (Lim et al, 2006;Mudge, 2013), light (Foumier et al, 2003;Yu et al, 2005), mineral content (Li and Mazza, 1999), and temperature (Jochum et al, 2007). It is also affected by biotic factors such as plant growth regulators, plant age, and genotype (Court et al, 1996;Lim et al, 2005;Barbara et al, 2006;Um et al, 2017).…”