The effect of gold loading and particle size on photocatalytic hydrogen production from ethanol over Au/TiO2 nanoparticles

Murdoch, M.; Waterhouse, Geoffrey I. N.; Nadeem, M. A.; Metson, James B.; Keane, Mark A.; Howe, RF; Llorca, Jordi; Idriss, Hicham

doi:10.1038/nchem.1048

Cited by 1,105 publications

(768 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Hydrogen production is seen together with methane. The production rate is comparable to that observed on Au/TiO 2 anatase previously and far higher than that of Au/TiO 2 rutile [18]. The ratio Rh/Ti is found equal to 0.07 while that of Pt/Ti is equal to 0.16.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 66%

“…(a) adsorbed The reaction over Pt/SrTiO 3 is similar to that over Au/ TiO 2 where the main products are H 2 and acetaldehyde [1,18], with traces of methane. However, over Rh/SrTiO 3 the reaction proceeds to CH 4 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Mechanistically ethanol is first dissociatively adsorbed on the surface forming ethoxides (according to Eq. 2) and then upon two electron injections (through a-oxy radical [18,25]) acetaldehyde is formed. The hydrogen ions released through this process are reduced to one hydrogen molecule [27,28].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparing Pt/SrTiO3 to Rh/SrTiO3 for hydrogen photocatalytic production from ethanol

Ahmed

Odedairo

Labis³

et al. 2013

Appl Petrochem Res

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Photocatalytic hydrogen production from ethanol as an example of biofuel is studied over 0.5 wt% Rh/ SrTiO 3 and 0.5 wt% Pt/SrTiO 3 perovskite materials. The rate of hydrogen production, r H2 , over Pt/SrTiO 3 is found to be far higher than that observed over Rh/SrTiO 3 (4 9 10 -6 mol of H 2 g catal.-1 min -1 (1.1 9 10 -6 mol of H 2 m catal.-2 min -1 ) compared to 0.7 9 10 -6 mol of H 2 g catal.-1 min -1 (5.5 9 10 -8 mol of H 2 m catal.-2 min -1 ), respectively, under UV excitation with a flux equivalent to that from the sun light (ca. 1 mW cm -2 ). Analyses of the XPS Rh3d and XPS Pt4f indicate that Rh is mainly present in its ionic form (Rh 3? ) while Pt is mainly present in its metallic form (Pt 0 ). A fraction of the non-metallic state of Rh in the catalyst persisted even after argon ion sputtering. The tendency of Rh to be oxidized compared to Pt might be the reason behind the lower activity of the former compared to the later. On the contrary, a larger amount of methane are formed on the Rh containing catalyst compared to that observed on the Pt containing catalyst due to the capacity of Rh to break the carbon-carbon bond of the organic compound.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 66%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

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Comparing Pt/SrTiO3 to Rh/SrTiO3 for hydrogen photocatalytic production from ethanol

Ahmed

Odedairo

Labis³

et al. 2013

Appl Petrochem Res

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“…Murdoch et al studied Au‐loaded TiO 2 photocatalyst and revealed that Au nanoparticles in the size range of 3 to 30 nm were very active in hydrogen evolution while Au nanoparticles in the size range of 3 to 12 nm did not affect the hydrogen evolution rate 33. Rosseler et al observed the enhancement of hydrogen evolution rate at an increased loading of Au nanoparticles on TiO 2 , which is partially due to the increase of particle size from 3 to 8 nm 34.…”

Section: Photocatalytic Water Splittingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress in Energy‐Driven Water Splitting

et al. 2017

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Hydrogen is readily obtained from renewable and non‐renewable resources via water splitting by using thermal, electrical, photonic and biochemical energy. The major hydrogen production is generated from thermal energy through steam reforming/gasification of fossil fuel. As the commonly used non‐renewable resources will be depleted in the long run, there is great demand to utilize renewable energy resources for hydrogen production. Most of the renewable resources may be used to produce electricity for driving water splitting while challenges remain to improve cost‐effectiveness. As the most abundant energy resource, the direct conversion of solar energy to hydrogen is considered the most sustainable energy production method without causing pollutions to the environment. In overall, this review briefly summarizes thermolytic, electrolytic, photolytic and biolytic water splitting. It highlights photonic and electrical driven water splitting together with photovoltaic‐integrated solar‐driven water electrolysis.

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“…However, it is TiO 2 is poorly active for H 2 production due to fast electron-hole recombination and large over-potential characteristics. The most promising and viable ways to overcome these drawbacks are the deposition of metal nanoparticles on bare TiO 2 or the self-doping of TiO 2 with compatible materials [11][12][13][14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Graphene supported plasmonic photocatalyst for hydrogen evolution in photocatalytic water splitting

et al. 2014

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It is well known that the noble metal nanoparticles show active absorption in the visible region because of the existence of the unique feature known as surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Here we report the effect of plasmonic Au nanoparticles on the enhancement of the renewable hydrogen (H2) evolution through photocatalytic water splitting. The plasmonic Au/graphene/TiO2 photocatalyst was synthesized in two steps: first the graphene/TiO2 nanocomposites were developed by the hydrothermal decomposition process; then the Au was loaded by photodeposition. The plasmonic Au and the graphene as co-catalyst effectively prolong the recombination of the photogenerated charges. This plasmonic photocatalyst displayed enhanced photocatalytic H2 evolution for water splitting in the presence of methanol as a sacrificial reagent. The H2 evolution rate from the Au/graphene co-catalyst was about 9 times higher than that of a pure graphene catalyst. The optimal graphene content was found to be 1.0 wt %, giving a H2 evolution of 1.34 mmol (i.e., 26 μmolh−1), which exceeded the value of 0.56 mmol (i.e., 112 μmolh−1) observed in pure TiO2. This high photocatalytic H2 evolution activity results from the deposition of TiO2 on graphene sheets, which act as an electron acceptors to efficiently separate the photogenerated charge carriers. However, the Au loading enhanced the H2 evolution dramatically and achieved a maximum value of 12 mmol (i.e., 2.4 mmolh−1) with optimal loading of 2.0 wt% Au on graphene/TiO2 composites. The enhancement of H2 evolution in the presence of Au results from the SPR effect induced by visible light irradiation, which boosts the energy intensity of the trapped electron as well as active sites for photocatalytic activity.

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The effect of gold loading and particle size on photocatalytic hydrogen production from ethanol over Au/TiO2 nanoparticles

Cited by 1,105 publications

References 19 publications

Comparing Pt/SrTiO3 to Rh/SrTiO3 for hydrogen photocatalytic production from ethanol

Comparing Pt/SrTiO3 to Rh/SrTiO3 for hydrogen photocatalytic production from ethanol

Recent Progress in Energy‐Driven Water Splitting

Graphene supported plasmonic photocatalyst for hydrogen evolution in photocatalytic water splitting

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