The Effect of Ganoderma Microsporum immunomodulatory proteins on alleviating PM2.5-induced inflammatory responses in pregnant rats and fine particulate matter-induced neurological damage in the offsprings

Abstract

Fine particulate matter 2.5 (PM 2.5 ) induces free radicals and oxidative stress in animals, leading to a range of illnesses. In this study, Ganoderma Microsporum immunomodulatory (GMI) proteins were administered to alleviate PM 2.5 -induced inflammatory responses in mother rats, and PM 2.5 -induced inflammatory responses and neurological damage in their offspring. The results suggested that GMI administration decreased the risk of neurological disorders in mother rats and their offspring by reducing the white blood cell count, lessening inflammatory responses and PM 2.5 -induced memory impairment, and preventing dendritic branches in the hippocampi from declining and microRNAs from PM 2.5 -induced modulation.

Prenatal exposure to air pollution and maternal stress predict infant individual differences in reactivity and regulation and socioemotional development

“…Prenatal exposures to other air pollutants (e.g. PM 2.5) are also associated with avoidant behaviors as well as frustrative non‐reward and aggressive behaviors in animal models; decreased dopaminergic signaling (Yokota et al., 2009; Yokota, Oshio, Moriya, & Takeda, 2016), increased neuroinflammatory responses (Michael et al., 2020; Tseng et al., 2019), and decreased BDNF expression in the hippocampus (Miao et al., 2019; Zhou et al., 2020) may provide mechanisms by which prenatal exposure to air pollution impacts NA. More human research is required to examine the effect of prenatal exposure to air pollution on infant NA and the underlying neurobiological mechanisms.…”

Prenatal Exposure to Air Pollution and Early-Life Stress Effects on Hippocampal Subregional Volumes and Associations With Visuospatial Reasoning

“…Decreased structural integrity across the hippocampus ( 25 ), decreased neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus, and activated microglia in the dentate gyrus and CA1 subfields ( 26 ) have all been observed following perinatal air pollutant exposure in animal models. Decreased dendritic branching in CA1 and CA3 subregions ( 27 ) and reductions in hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression ( 28 ) have been shown to follow prenatal particulate matter (PM) 2.5 (PM 2.5 ) exposure. Prior human research has also focused on exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)—a group of air pollutants resulting from the incomplete combustion of organic matter and tobacco smoke, grilling, oil- and coal-burning power plants, and vehicular emissions ( 29 ).…”

Safety assessment of the fungal immunomodulatory protein from Ganoderma microsporum (GMI) derived from engineered Pichia pastoris: Genetic toxicology, a 13-week oral gavage toxicity study, and an embryo-fetal developmental toxicity study in Sprague-Dawley rats

“…A 2.0 Å structure of GMI was solved and GMI showed a dimer:dimer quaternary structure with non-covalent interactions through the N-terminal helices (PDB ID 3KCW, [16] ). Furthermore, GMI with the same quality were evaluated in the platform for the anti-tumor activity and immunomodulation under immune disorder/disease model, and GMI showed a variety of bioactivities in the application for oncology [45] , [46] , [47] , [48] , [49] , [50] , [51] , [52] , [44] , [43] , immuno-oncology [53] , [54] , [55] , [56] , [57] , and immunology [59] , [60] , [62] , [63] , [64] , [61] , [58] , [65] . Although these promising findings are attractive for the further clinical application, the quality and the safety are always the major concerns.…”