The Effect of Exercise and Nutritional Supplementation on Proinflammatory Cytokine Expression in Young Racehorses During Training

Horohov, David W.; Sinatra, Stephen T.; Chopra, Raj; Jankowitz, Stanley; Betancourt, A.

doi:10.1016/j.jevs.2012.03.017

Cited by 36 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 108 publications

(125 reference statements)

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“…This observation is in agreement with Liburt’s et al findings that the level of proinflammatory and acute phase-related cytokines, including IL-1, TNF-α and IL-6 (in the muscles), increased after an incremental exercise test in unfit Standardbreds [28]. Horohov et al confirmed that proinflammatory cytokines are elevated 2 hours after routine race training [29]. Sporting events induce various types of reaction due to different environmental factors and stress levels, different type of exercise and horse-dependent factors [30], which may also affect the exercise-induced acute phase response.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…In horses, regular race training affects the haptoglobin and fibrinogen concentrations after 60–80 days [43]. Generally, in the case of training in human athletes, adaptation to exercise leads to a reduced inflammatory response [44], and a similar tendency has also been observed in thoroughbred race horses that undergo regular training [29]. The long-term effect of endurance training on inflammatory capacity has not been tested in horses; however, a similar effect cannot be excluded.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Serum amyloid A (SAA) concentration after training sessions in Arabian race and endurance horses

et al. 2013

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BackgroundSerum amyloid A (SAA) is the major acute phase protein in horses. Its concentration increases in various pathologies but also in response to prolonged, strenuous effort. The purpose of this study was to establish whether routine race and endurance training produces changes in the SAA level in Arabian horses. Additionally, the differences between SAA response in experienced endurance horses and endurance horses that were beginning their career were investigated.ResultsThere were no changes in SAA concentrations after race training and endurance training in experienced horses. In horses that were beginning their endurance training, exercise produced an increase in SAA level as compared with rest level.ConclusionIn Arabians, the SAA concentration seems to be a good indicator of endurance training but is useless in race training. The routine training of experienced horses, which were prepared for long distance rides, did not promote any changes in the SAA level. In contrast, a significant increase in the SAA concentration was observed in horses that were beginning their endurance training and were only prepared for moderate distance rides and underwent the same effort. Further research is needed to elucidate whether this difference reflects too heavy training or adaptation to an increasing workload. Additionally, the adaptation to long distance rides in Arabians may include a reduced acute phase response.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum amyloid A (SAA) concentration after training sessions in Arabian race and endurance horses

et al. 2013

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“…This study demonstrated that plasma CoQ 10 concentrations and skeletal muscle CoQ 10 content increased in young, healthy untrained Thoroughbreds after prolonged daily oral CoQ 10 supplementation of an established diet. In the present study, T 0 plasma CoQ 10 concentrations (0.13 µg/ml) were similar to a previous report evaluating 2 year-old Thoroughbreds in training (0.11 µg/ml) (Horohov et al, 2012; Sinatra, Chopra, et al, 2013; Sinatra, Jankowitz, et al, 2013), although other publications reported slightly higher basal plasma concentrations for Thoroughbreds of varying ages and fitness levels (0.19–2.1 µg/ml) (Sinatra, Chopra, et al, 2013; Topolovec et al, 2013). Following prolonged oral CoQ 10 supplementation the mean plasma CoQ 10 concentrations significantly increased as previously reported in studies using a similar oral cyclodextrin-CoQ 10 -based delivery system (Horohov et al, 2012; Sinatra, Chopra, et al, 2013; Sinatra, Jankowitz, et al, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…In the present study, T 0 plasma CoQ 10 concentrations (0.13 µg/ml) were similar to a previous report evaluating 2 year-old Thoroughbreds in training (0.11 µg/ml) (Horohov et al, 2012; Sinatra, Chopra, et al, 2013; Sinatra, Jankowitz, et al, 2013), although other publications reported slightly higher basal plasma concentrations for Thoroughbreds of varying ages and fitness levels (0.19–2.1 µg/ml) (Sinatra, Chopra, et al, 2013; Topolovec et al, 2013). Following prolonged oral CoQ 10 supplementation the mean plasma CoQ 10 concentrations significantly increased as previously reported in studies using a similar oral cyclodextrin-CoQ 10 -based delivery system (Horohov et al, 2012; Sinatra, Chopra, et al, 2013; Sinatra, Jankowitz, et al, 2013). Intestinal absorption of CoQ 10 has been found to be faster if CoQ 10 is given with food (Ochiai et al, 2007) which is why we chose to supplement the horses in the morning in conjunction with their grain meals.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Prolonged oral coenzyme Q₁₀-β-cyclodextrin supplementation increases plasma CoQ₁₀ concentration and skeletal muscle complex I+III activity in young, untrained healthy Thoroughbreds

Rooney¹,

Curley²,

Sweeney³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is an essential component of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC). Decreased skeletal muscle CoQ10 content may result in decreased ETC activity and energy production. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that prolonged supplementation with oral CoQ10 will increase plasma CoQ10 concentrations and skeletal muscle CoQ10 content in young, healthy untrained Thoroughbreds. Nineteen Thoroughbreds (27.5±9.7 months old; 11 males, 8 females) from one farm and maintained on a grass pasture with one grain meal per day were supplemented orally once per day for 9 weeks with 1.5 mg/kg body weight of a CoQ10-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex. Whole-blood and skeletal muscle biopsies were collected before (T0) and after (T1) 9 weeks of supplementation. Plasma CoQ10 concentrations were determined via high-performance liquid chromatography. Skeletal muscle mitochondrial ETC combined complex I+III enzyme activity (an indirect measurement of CoQ10 content) was assessed spectrophotometrically and normalised to mitochondrial abundance. Results were analysed using a paired two-tailed Students t-test with P≤0.05 significant. Horses accepted supplementation with no adverse effects. The mean change in plasma CoQ10 concentration from T0 to T1 was significantly greater than zero (0.13±0.02 vs. 0.25±0.03 µg/ml, mean difference 0.12±0.03; P=0.004), although variability in absorbance resulted in only a 58% response rate. The mean change in skeletal muscle complex I+III activity from T0 to T1 was significantly greater than zero (0.36±0.04 vs. 0.59±0.05 pmol/min/mg of muscle, mean difference 0.23±0.05; P=0.0004), although T1 values for 3/19 horses decreased on average by 23% below T0 values. In conclusion, prolonged oral supplementation of the diet of young, healthy untrained Thoroughbreds with CoQ10 increased mean plasma CoQ10 concentration by 99% and mean skeletal muscle complex I+III activity by 65% with variability in absorbance among horses. Additional research is warranted investigating training and exercise effects on skeletal muscle CoQ10 content in CoQ10 supplemented and un-supplemented Thoroughbreds.

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“…In humans, many genes have been found to be affected by exercise and they belong to pathways that play primary roles in the immune response and inflammation [8,9]. Scant data on this subject have been reported regarding racehorses [10,11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic and Biomolecular Changes Induced by Incremental Long-Term Training in Young Thoroughbred Racehorses during First Workout Season

Miglio

Cappelli

Capomaccio

et al. 2020

Animals

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Training has a huge effect on physiological homeostasis. The Thoroughbred racehorse is a valid animal model to investigate such changes for training schedule fine-tuning. As happens in human athletes, it is hypothesized that biochemical and immune response changes and related biomolecular variations could be induced by training programs. The aim of this study was to investigate, for the first time, the long-term metabolic and biomolecular modifications in young untrained Thoroughbred racehorses in the first 4-month timeframe training period. Twenty-nine clinically healthy, untrained, two-year-old Thoroughbred racehorses were followed during their incremental 4-month sprint exercise schedule. Blood collection was performed once a month, five times (T-30, T0, T30, T60, and T90). For each sample, lactate concentration, plasma cell volume (PCV), and hematobiochemical parameters (glucose, urea, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin (Tbil), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), cholesterol, triglycerides, albumin (Alb), total proteins (TPs), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na+), potassium (K−), and chloride (Cl)) were determined. At T-30 and T90, serum protein electrophoresis (SPE), serum amyloid A (SAA), and real-time qPCR were performed on all samples to evaluate the expression of key genes and cytokines related to inflammatory and Th2 immunity responses: Interleukin-4 (IL-4), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-10 (IL-10), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Octamer-Binding Transcription Factor 1 (OCT1), B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 11A (BCL11A). Statistical analysis was performed (ANOVA and t test, p < 0.05). Significant modifications were identified compared with T-30 for PCV, glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, lactate, urea, creatinine, Tbil, ALP, LDH, Na+, K−, Ca2+, SAA, TPs, SPE, IL-6, IL-4, Oct-1, and BCL11A. In conclusion, the first long-term training period was found to induce fundamental systemic changes in untrained Thoroughbreds.

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The Effect of Exercise and Nutritional Supplementation on Proinflammatory Cytokine Expression in Young Racehorses During Training

Cited by 36 publications

References 108 publications

Serum amyloid A (SAA) concentration after training sessions in Arabian race and endurance horses

Serum amyloid A (SAA) concentration after training sessions in Arabian race and endurance horses

Prolonged oral coenzyme Q₁₀-β-cyclodextrin supplementation increases plasma CoQ₁₀ concentration and skeletal muscle complex I+III activity in young, untrained healthy Thoroughbreds

Metabolic and Biomolecular Changes Induced by Incremental Long-Term Training in Young Thoroughbred Racehorses during First Workout Season

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The Effect of Exercise and Nutritional Supplementation on Proinflammatory Cytokine Expression in Young Racehorses During Training

Cited by 36 publications

References 108 publications

Serum amyloid A (SAA) concentration after training sessions in Arabian race and endurance horses

Serum amyloid A (SAA) concentration after training sessions in Arabian race and endurance horses

Prolonged oral coenzyme Q10-β-cyclodextrin supplementation increases plasma CoQ10 concentration and skeletal muscle complex I+III activity in young, untrained healthy Thoroughbreds

Metabolic and Biomolecular Changes Induced by Incremental Long-Term Training in Young Thoroughbred Racehorses during First Workout Season

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Prolonged oral coenzyme Q₁₀-β-cyclodextrin supplementation increases plasma CoQ₁₀ concentration and skeletal muscle complex I+III activity in young, untrained healthy Thoroughbreds