The Effect of Different Dosages of Caffeine on Endurance Performance Time

Pasman, Wilrike J.; Baak, Marleen A. van; Jeukendrup, A. E.; Haan, A. de

doi:10.1055/s-2007-972996

Cited by 223 publications

(195 citation statements)

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“…These improvements are comparable to those reported by others (6,20,28,33) who have used a similar mode and intensity of exercise, as well as a similar dose of caffeine ingested 1-1.5 h before exercise. Furthermore, our findings 3 h after ingestion are consistent with a previous study by Flinn et al (12).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…habits (5,8,12,19,28,32). Two studies from the same laboratory report equivocal findings after a 9 mg/kg dose of caffeine (19,32), and Graham and Spriet (19) have suggested that these inconsistent effects reflect the different proportions of users and nonusers or light consumers of caffeine in their subject groups.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In conclusion, both the duration and magnitude of the ergogenic effect that followed a 5 mg/kg dose of caffeine were greater in the nonusers compared with the users. time to exhaustion; ergogenic aid; drug sensitivity THERE HAVE BEEN NUMEROUS STUDIES and reviews indicating that caffeine ingested before exercise causes rapid and significant improvements in performance, especially in aerobic exercise capacity (6,8,16,20,28,30). The dose of caffeine studied has ranged from 1 to 15 mg/kg of body mass.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Exercise endurance 1, 3, and 6 h after caffeine ingestion in caffeine users and nonusers

Bell

Mclellan

2002

Journal of Applied Physiology

216

191

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Bell, Douglas G., and Tom M. McLellan. Exercise endurance 1, 3, and 6 h after caffeine ingestion in caffeine users and nonusers. J Appl Physiol 93: 1227-1234, 2002. First published May 17, 2002 10.1152/japplphysiol.00187.2002The purpose of the present study was to examine the duration of caffeine's ergogenic effect and whether it differs between users and nonusers of the drug. Twenty-one subjects (13 caffeine users and 8 nonusers) completed six randomized exercise rides to exhaustion at 80% of maximal oxygen consumption after ingesting either a placebo or 5 mg/kg of caffeine. Exercise to exhaustion was completed once per week at either 1, 3, or 6 h after placebo or drug ingestion. Exercise time to exhaustion differed between users and nonusers with the ergogenic effect being greater and lasting longer in nonusers. For the nonusers, exercise times 1, 3, and 6 h after caffeine ingestion were 32.7 Ϯ 8.4, 32.1 Ϯ 8.6, and 31.7 Ϯ 12.0 min, respectively, and these values were each significantly greater than the corresponding placebo values of 24.2 Ϯ 6.4, 25.8 Ϯ 9.0, and 23.2 Ϯ 7.1 min. For caffeine users, exercise times 1, 3, and 6 h after caffeine ingestion were 27.4 Ϯ 7.2, 28.1 Ϯ 7.8, and 24.5 Ϯ 7.6 min, respectively. Only exercise times 1 and 3 h after drug ingestion were significantly greater than the respective placebo trials of 23.3 Ϯ 6.5, 23.2 Ϯ 7.1, and 23.5 Ϯ 5.7 min. In conclusion, both the duration and magnitude of the ergogenic effect that followed a 5 mg/kg dose of caffeine were greater in the nonusers compared with the users. time to exhaustion; ergogenic aid; drug sensitivity THERE HAVE BEEN NUMEROUS STUDIES and reviews indicating that caffeine ingested before exercise causes rapid and significant improvements in performance, especially in aerobic exercise capacity (6,8,16,20,28,30). The dose of caffeine studied has ranged from 1 to 15 mg/kg of body mass. The optimal dose has not been determined because it may vary according to the sensitivity of the individual to caffeine. However, doses between 3 and 6 mg/kg produce an equivalent ergogenic effect to higher doses (5, 29), and this has led Graham et al. (17) to suggest that the optimal dose thus lies in this lower range.Even though caffeine has a half-life of 4-6 h that implies high levels of caffeine will be in the blood for up to 3-4 h after ingestion, most studies have focused on exercise performance ϳ1 h after ingestion. The assumption is that the ergogenic effect is related to the circulating level of the drug in the blood. Thus maximal effects are assumed to occur ϳ1 h after ingestion, when peak blood concentrations are observed (2, 14). Some studies (27,35) have suggested that waiting 3 h may be more optimal because the caffeine-induced effect on lipolysis is greater than at earlier times after ingestion. However, the hypothesis that the ergogenic effect from caffeine is due to an enhanced free fatty acid mobilization and tissue utilization has not found much support in the recent literature (16,17,29).For sustained operations, as is quite commo...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exercise endurance 1, 3, and 6 h after caffeine ingestion in caffeine users and nonusers

Bell

Mclellan

2002

Journal of Applied Physiology

216

191

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confidence: 99%

“…The ergogenic effects of caffeine have been demonstrated in different sport modalities, namely running [8,9], cycling [10,11], rowing [12], track and field [3], team sports [4], and martial arts [13], among others.…”

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confidence: 99%

Potential pitfalls when investigating the ergogenic effects of caffeine in mice

Solano¹,

Scheffer²,

Alves³

et al. 2017

J Syst Integr Neurosci

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Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxantine) is the most commonly consumed social drug in western society for increased physical and cognitive performance [1][2][3][4][5], and it is the main ergogenic resource used by athletes [6]. Initially controversial, caffeine was banned by the International Olympic Committee from 1980-2003 [1,6,7], but then in 2004 its use was approved by the World Anti-doping Agency (WADA), and later this year by the U.S. Anti-doping Agency (USADA; 2016). However, caffeine has remained on the lists of monitored substances of these anti-doping agencies. Caffeine is rapidly and completely absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract and is readily distributed throughout all tissues of the body, including muscles and the central nervous system (CNS), which are believed to be the main recipients of caffeine's ergogenic effects [2,14]. Ergogenic doses of caffeine ranging from 3 to 9 mg/kg body mass [6] appear to have no adverse effects. A moderate oral dose of 6 mg/ kg body mass, which elicits peak plasma levels of about 60 µmol/L concentrations after 30 to 60 min, with half-life for elimination range between 2.5-10 h, is known to enhance physical and cognitive performance [5,6,10,14,15]. Blood levels of 1 -2 mmol/L are known to be toxic and even lethal [14], and have been associated with suicides [16]. Caffeine's molecular mechanisms for increasing physical performance are still virtually undefined. However, due to its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier at blood concentrations generated by a moderate ergogenic dose, and because of its properties as a stimulant psychotropic drug [15,17], mechanisms involving metabolic and central effects have been proposed.Metabolic effects of caffeine have been mainly related to the enhancement of lipolysis, fatty acid oxidation and energy expenditure via the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system [18,19] and a sequential sparing of muscle glycogen [20]. However, the main pharmacological effects of caffeine appear to be mediated via the CNS where caffeine counterbalances the inhibitory neuromodulation of adenosine in order to induce effects on both the CNS and peripheral nervous system to reduce pain and exertion perception [21], to improve motor recruitment [22] and to increase excitation-contraction coupling [23,24].Caffeine is a non-selective competitive adenosine receptor antagonist (A 1 R and A 2 AR subtypes) that increases neurotransmission via dopamine D 2 receptors (D 2 R) [25,26]. The striatum expresses high levels of A 2 AR where they are co-expressed with postsynaptic D 2 R, forming A 2 AR-D 2 R heterodimers [25]. In this scenario, caffeine fails to be ergogenic in the mouse lacking A 2 AR [27], or in wild type rats treated with the selective A 2 AR agonist 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) [26], which denotes the participation of these receptors in caffeine's central-mediated ergogenic effects.When designing experimental models to better define the molecular mechanisms involved in the enhanced capacity of caffeine to positively modulate physical ...

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