The effect of different cleaning agents on saliva contamination for bonding performance of zirconia ceramics

Abstract

The effects of contamination and cleaning methods on bonding of self-adhesive resin cement to zirconia ceramics were examined. Airborne particle-abraded zirconia (Zpex Smile) specimens were divided into the following four groups: control (con), contaminated with saliva and cleaned with tap water (HS), cleaned with Ivoclean (IC), and cleaned with Multi Etchant (ME). The pretreated specimens were bonded using three self-adhesive resin cements, and tensile bond strengths were measured using a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 2 mm/min. Con and IC groups showed significantly higher bond strength than those of HS and ME groups. Separately, the surface chemical composition of the groups was determined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). XPS revealed that the N/Zr ratio increased in the HS group but decreased in the IC and ME groups. Cleaning agents can improve the adverse effect of saliva contamination on zirconia, but this effect varies depending on the product.

The effect of cleaning procedures on the bond strength of ceramic surfaces contaminated with saliva and try-in paste

“…Zirconia has a strong adsorption potential to the salivary phosphoproteins which leads to contamination when it comes in contact with saliva [16]. Ivoclean consists of zirconia particles, which, when brought in contact with contaminated zirconia, help absorb the phosphoproteins from its surface, which are then washed away during subsequent rinsing [20,22]. Interestingly, cleaning the zirconia surface with phosphoric acid showed not higher bond strength than control uncontaminated surfaces in this study.…”

“…All the cleaning methods used in the current study were able to eliminate the negative effects of saliva and try-in paste contamination on zirconia as measured with shear bond strengths. Ivoclean and sodium hypochlorite have been shown to be effective in removing the effects of salivary contamination on zirconia in previous studies [7,16,18,20]. Zirconia has a strong adsorption potential to the salivary phosphoproteins which leads to contamination when it comes in contact with saliva [16].…”

“…This study used shear bond strength as a measure of effectiveness of various cleaning agents on ceramic samples contaminated with saliva and try-in paste. Both shear and tensile bond strength values have been used in the literature to measure ceramicresin bond [7,14,6,20,24]. For a test to measure the bond strength values between an adherent and a substrate accurately, it is crucial that the bonding interface should be the most stressed region, regardless of the test methodology being employed [16].…”

“…It is a non-toxic cleaning agent consisting of an alkaline suspension of zirconium dioxide particles, which tend to absorb and bond to phosphate contaminants and helps in surface decontamination [7,12,14]. Although, the effect of various cleaning agents/solutions on decontamination of saliva affected all ceramic restorations has been evaluated [7,9,10,[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21], there is no clear protocol on the use of these agents. Also, the available literature is still inconclusive on the decontamination protocol for all ceramic restorations contaminated by both saliva and try-in pastes [11].…”

Cleaning and Conditioning of Contaminated Core Build-Up Material before Adhesive Bonding

“…Due to the fact that cariogenic defects do not follow these rules, teeth often need to be filled using core build-up material prior to the preparation [4]. Whereas conventional cementation methods are relatively technically uncritical, the long-term success of an adhesive cementation depends on many factors such as material-specific conditioning and the adequate cleaning of the bonding surfaces after contamination [5][6][7]. These factors are well known and examined regarding tooth hard tissues and dental restoration materials such as alloys and ceramics, but little is known of the effects of these factors regarding core build-up materials [8][9][10][11].…”