The Effect of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Endurance Exercise Performance in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

McMahon, Nicholas; Leveritt, Michael; Pavey, Toby

doi:10.1007/s40279-016-0617-7

Cited by 154 publications

(163 citation statements)

References 77 publications

(151 reference statements)

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“…Increases in preexercise blood were identified as a determinant of performance benefits. Similarly, NO 3 -supplementation was shown by meta-analysis to provide a trivial but nonsignificant benefit for TT performance (ES = -0.10, 95% CI: -0.27-0.06), with NO 3 -dose (+8 mmol) and type of exercise (higher vs. lower intensity) being factors likely to increase the benefit (Jones, 2014b;McMahon et al, 2016;Wylie et al, 2013). Of specific interest to our study, Lansley and colleagues (2011) reported a 2.8% enhancement of a 4-km TT in club-level cyclists following acute supplementation with 0.5 L beetroot juice containing ~6.2 mmol of NO 3 -.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Single and Combined Effects of Beetroot Crystals and Sodium Bicarbonate on 4-km Cycling Time Trial Performance

Callahan¹,

Parr²,

Hawley³

et al. 2017

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

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When ingested alone, beetroot juice and sodium bicarbonate are ergogenic for high-intensity exercise performance. This study sought to determine the independent and combined effects of these supplements. Eight endurance trained (VO 2 max 65 mL·kg·min -1 ) male cyclists completed four × 4-km time trials (TT) in a doubleblind Latin square design supplementing with beetroot crystals (BC) for 3 days (15 g·day -1 + 15 g 1 h before TT, containing 300 mg nitrate per 15 g), bicarbonate (Bi 0.3 g·kg -1 body mass [BM] in 5 doses every 15 min from 2.5 h before TT); BC+Bi or placebo (PLA). Subjects completed TTs on a Velotron cycle ergometer under standardized laboratory conditions. Plasma nitrite concentrations were significantly elevated only in the BC+Bi trial before the TT (1520 ± 786 nmol·L -1 ) compared with baseline (665 ± 535 nmol·L -1 , p = .02) and the Bi and PLA conditions (Bi: 593 ± 203 nmol·L -1 , p < .01; PLA: 543 ± 369 nmol·L -1 , p < .01). Plasma nitrite concentrations were not elevated in the BC trial before the TT (1102 ± 218 nmol·L -1 ) compared with baseline (975 ± 607 nmol·L -1 , p > .05). Blood bicarbonate concentrations were increased in the BC+Bi and Bi trials before the TT (BC+Bi: 30.9 ± 2.8 mmol·L -1 ; Bi: 31.7 ± 1.1 mmol·L -1 ). There were no differences in mean power output (386-394 W) or the time taken to complete the TT (335.8-338.1 s) between any conditions. Under the conditions of this study, supplementation was not ergogenic for 4-km TT performance.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Single and Combined Effects of Beetroot Crystals and Sodium Bicarbonate on 4-km Cycling Time Trial Performance

Callahan¹,

Parr²,

Hawley³

et al. 2017

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

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“…Bailey et al 2009Bailey et al , 2010Vanhatalo et al 2010;Lansley et al 2011;Cermak et al 2012a;Wylie et al 2013;Muggeridge et al 2014;Shannon et al 2016b;McMahon et al 2016), BRJ supplementation significantly elevated pre-exercise plasma [NO 2 − ], which is a highly sensitive marker of NO bioavailability . Interestingly, despite close replication of diet 53.9 ± 6.9 53.4 ± 6.8 48.6 ± 6.3 49.0 ± 6.0…”

Section: Effects Of Brj On Plasma [No 2 − ] and Blood Pressurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…A strong body of evidence indicates that NO 3 − supplementation can improve time to exhaustion (TTE) and/ or time-trial (TT) performance during short duration (<30 min) exercise tests, which mandate a high relative (to the peak) work rate (Bailey et al 2009Vanhatalo et al 2010;Lansley et al 2011;Cermak et al 2012a;Porcelli et al 2014;McMahon et al 2016), particularly in untrained and moderately-trained individuals (VO 2max < ~60 ml kg −1 min −1…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary nitrate supplementation enhances short but not longer duration running time-trial performance

et al. 2017

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TT performance between conditions (2643.1 ± 324. 1 vs. 2649.9 ± 319.8 s, P > 0.05). Conclusion Acute BRJ supplementation significantly enhanced 1500 m, but not 10,000 m TT performance. These findings suggest that BRJ might be ergogenic during shorter distance TTs which allow for a high work rate, but not during longer distance TTs, completed at a lower work rate. ) supplementation on physiological functioning and exercise performance in trained runners/triathletes conducting short and longer-distance treadmill running time-trials (TT). Method Eight trained male runners or triathletes completed four exercise performance tests comprising a 10 min warm up followed by either a 1500 or 10,000 m treadmill TT. Exercise performance tests were preceded 3 h before the exercise by supplementation with either 140 ml concentrated nitrate-rich (~12.5 mmol nitrate) (BRJ) or nitratedeplete (~0.01 mmol nitrate) (PLA) beetroot juice. Results BRJ supplementation significantly elevated plasma [NO 2 − ] (P < 0.05). Resting blood pressure and exercise V O 2 were not significantly different between BRJ and PLA (P > 0.05). However, post-exercise blood [lactate] was significantly greater in BRJ following the 1500 m TT (6.6 ± 1.2 vs. 6.1 ± 1.5 mM; P < 0.05), but not significantly different between conditions in the 10,000 m TT (P > 0.05). Performance in the 1500 m TT was significantly faster in BRJ vs. PLA (319.6 ± 36.2 vs. 325.7 ± 38.8 s; P < 0.05). Conversely, there was no significant difference in 10,000 m Communicated by Keywords

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“…A number of studies have also demonstrated a beneficial effect of nitrate supplementation on exercise time to exhaustion (TTE) or time-trial (TT) performance (e.g. Bailey et al, 2009Bailey et al, , 2010Lansley et al, 2011;Cermak et al, 2012a;Porcelli et al, 2014;McMahon et al, 2016). However, not all investigations have observed an improvement in exercise performance subsequent to nitrate supplementation (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Swimming Performance in Trained Swimmers

Lowings¹,

Shannon²,

Deighton³

et al. 2017

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

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Nitrate supplementation appears to be most ergogenic when oxygen availability is restricted and subsequently may be particularly beneficial for swimming performance due to the breathhold element of this sport. This represents the first investigation of nitrate supplementation and swimming time-trial (TT) performance.In a randomised double-blind repeated-measures crossover study, ten (5male, 5female) trained swimmers ingested 140ml nitrate-rich (~12.5mmol nitrate) or nitrate-depleted (~0.01mmol nitrate) beetroot juice. Three hours later, subjects completed a maximal effort swim TT comprising 168m (8 x 21m lengths) backstroke.Pre-exercise fractional exhaled nitric oxide concentration was significantly elevated with nitrate compared to placebo (17±9 vs. 7±3p.p.b., p=0.008). Nitrate supplementation had a likely trivial effect on overall swim TT performance (mean difference 1.22s; 90% CI -0.18-2.6s; 0.93%; p=0.144; d=0.13; unlikely beneficial (22.6%), likely trivial (77.2%), most unlikely negative (0.2%)). The effects of nitrate supplementation during the first half of the TT were trivial (mean difference 0.29s; 90% CI -0.94-1.5s; 0.46%; p=0.678; d=0.05), but there was a possible beneficial effect of nitrate supplementation during the second half of the TT (mean difference 0.93s; 90% CI 0.13-1.70s; 1.36%; p=0.062; d=0.24; possibly beneficial (63.5%), possibly trivial (36.3%), most unlikely negative (0.2%)). The duration and speed of underwater swimming within the performance did not differ between nitrate and placebo (both p>0.30).Nitrate supplementation increased nitric oxide bioavailability but did not benefit short-distance swimming performance or the underwater phases of the TT. Further investigation into the effects of nitrate supplementation during the second half of performance tests may be warranted.3

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The Effect of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Endurance Exercise Performance in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Cited by 154 publications

References 77 publications

Single and Combined Effects of Beetroot Crystals and Sodium Bicarbonate on 4-km Cycling Time Trial Performance

Single and Combined Effects of Beetroot Crystals and Sodium Bicarbonate on 4-km Cycling Time Trial Performance

Dietary nitrate supplementation enhances short but not longer duration running time-trial performance

Effect of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Swimming Performance in Trained Swimmers

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