The effect of dietary energy level on growth and nutrient utilization by juvenile diploid and triploid brook charr,Salvelinus fontinalis

Abstract

Triploids are used in aquaculture because they are sterile and do not undergo preharvest loss in flesh quality. Despite this advantage, they do not always perform as well as diploids when fed commercial diets. This study investigated whether differences in dietary energy utilization might explain this reduced performance. Dietary lipid levels were adjusted to supply diets with 22.7, 23.6 or 24.4 MJ kg−1 gross energy and fed to juvenile diploid and triploid brook charr. Fish were fed to satiation twice daily in a 70‐day growth trial, with samples collected at days 0 and 70 for proximate composition and plasma insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐I) analysis. This was followed by a digestibility trial using the same diets to determine apparent digestibility coefficients. Triploids had lower growth rates and condition factor than diploids on all three diets, but there was no effect of ploidy on feed conversion efficiency. Triploids also had lower whole‐body lipid content, but equal protein content, which resulted in lower energy content at both days 0 and 70. There was no effect of diet or ploidy on plasma IGF‐I concentrations. Triploidy did not affect diet digestibility, suggesting that the reduced performance of triploids is due to a difference in metabolism and energy utilization.

Comparison of growth, carcass and meat quality characteristics of triploid and diploid Black Sea trout (Salmo trutta labrax) under laboratory conditions

“…A significant effect of triploidy on the fat contents of Black Sea trout was observed throughout the study, which is consistent with previous studies (Manor et al, 2012;Poontawee et al, 2007;Sacobie et al, 2015;Werner et al, 2008). Triploid Black Sea trout had significantly higher fat contents than diploid siblings, which is also in line with the results of previous studies (Aussanasuwannakul et al, 2011;Poontawee et al, 2007;Taylor et al, 2013).…”

“…Generally, triploids are expected to grow faster compared to their diploid siblings as they have more genes (33%), larger nuclei and cells size, and usually no energy allocation to developing gonads (Manor et al, 2012;Maxime, 2008). Despite these facts, several studies have reported lower growth rates of triploids than diploids (Cassani and Caton, 1986;Galbreath et al, 1994;McGeachy et al, 1995;Sacobie et al, 2015) or no significant differences in their growth rates (Kim et al, 1994;Hussain et al, 1995;McGeachy et al, 1996). However, this may not necessarily mean that triploids grow less efficiently than diploid as these studies raised both ploidy groups communally.…”

“…Since, triploids are generally less aggressive and outcompeted by their diploid counterparts for food (cited in Maxime, 2008) and these behavioural differences may lead to the lower growth rate of triploids than diploids siblings (Cassani and Caton, 1986;Lincoln and Bye, 1987). According to Sacobie et al, (2015) triploids may divert more of their digestible energy to cope with stress (Benfey, 1999;Fraser et al, 2012;Maxime, 2008) negatively affecting their overall growth.…”

Comparison of growth, carcass and meat quality characteristics of triploid and diploid Black Sea trout (Salmo trutta labrax) under laboratory conditions

“…A significant effect of triploidy on the fat contents of Black Sea trout was observed throughout the study, which is consistent with previous studies (Manor et al, 2012;Poontawee et al, 2007;Sacobie et al, 2015;Werner et al, 2008). Triploid Black Sea trout had significantly higher fat contents than diploid siblings, which is also in line with the results of previous studies (Aussanasuwannakul et al, 2011;Poontawee et al, 2007;Taylor et al, 2013).…”

“…Generally, triploids are expected to grow faster compared to their diploid siblings as they have more genes (33%), larger nuclei and cells size, and usually no energy allocation to developing gonads (Manor et al, 2012;Maxime, 2008). Despite these facts, several studies have reported lower growth rates of triploids than diploids (Cassani and Caton, 1986;Galbreath et al, 1994;McGeachy et al, 1995;Sacobie et al, 2015) or no significant differences in their growth rates (Kim et al, 1994;Hussain et al, 1995;McGeachy et al, 1996). However, this may not necessarily mean that triploids grow less efficiently than diploid as these studies raised both ploidy groups communally.…”

“…Since, triploids are generally less aggressive and outcompeted by their diploid counterparts for food (cited in Maxime, 2008) and these behavioural differences may lead to the lower growth rate of triploids than diploids siblings (Cassani and Caton, 1986;Lincoln and Bye, 1987). According to Sacobie et al, (2015) triploids may divert more of their digestible energy to cope with stress (Benfey, 1999;Fraser et al, 2012;Maxime, 2008) negatively affecting their overall growth.…”

Triploidy affects standard and postprandial metabolism in brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis

“…Nevertheless, diets with higher lipid or carbohydrate levels should be considered to potentially enhance energy storage and reduce the waste of dietary protein. Sacobie et al (2016) found that lipid digestibility was unaffected by ploidy in brook charr; these findings, in tandem with the current study, suggest that triploids may be better suited for high lipid diets.…”

Triploidy affects postprandial ammonia excretion but not specific dynamic action in 1+ brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis

“…Nevertheless, diets with higher lipid or carbohydrate levels should be considered to potentially enhance energy storage and reduce the waste of dietary protein. Sacobie et al (2016) found that lipid digestibility was unaffected by was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved.…”

Comparison of growth, carcass and meat quality characteristics of triploid and diploid Black Sea trout (Salmo trutta labrax) under laboratory conditions

“…A significant effect of triploidy on the fat contents of Black Sea trout was observed throughout the study, which is consistent with previous studies (Manor et al, 2012;Poontawee et al, 2007;Sacobie et al, 2015;Werner et al, 2008). Triploid Black Sea trout had significantly higher fat contents than diploid siblings, which is also in line with the results of previous studies (Aussanasuwannakul et al, 2011;Poontawee et al, 2007;Taylor et al, 2013).…”

“…Generally, triploids are expected to grow faster compared to their diploid siblings as they have more genes (33%), larger nuclei and cells size, and usually no energy allocation to developing gonads (Manor et al, 2012;Maxime, 2008). Despite these facts, several studies have reported lower growth rates of triploids than diploids (Cassani and Caton, 1986;Galbreath et al, 1994;McGeachy et al, 1995;Sacobie et al, 2015) or no significant differences in their growth rates (Kim et al, 1994;Hussain et al, 1995;McGeachy et al, 1996). However, this may not necessarily mean that triploids grow less efficiently than diploid as these studies raised both ploidy groups communally.…”

“…Since, triploids are generally less aggressive and outcompeted by their diploid counterparts for food (cited in Maxime, 2008) and these behavioural differences may lead to the lower growth rate of triploids than diploids siblings (Cassani and Caton, 1986;Lincoln and Bye, 1987). According to Sacobie et al, (2015) triploids may divert more of their digestible energy to cope with stress (Benfey, 1999;Fraser et al, 2012;Maxime, 2008) negatively affecting their overall growth.…”

Triploidy affects standard and postprandial metabolism in brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis

“…Nevertheless, diets with higher lipid or carbohydrate levels should be considered to potentially enhance energy storage and reduce the waste of dietary protein. Sacobie et al (2016) found that lipid digestibility was unaffected by ploidy in brook charr; these findings, in tandem with the current study, suggest that triploids may be better suited for high lipid diets.…”

Triploidy affects postprandial ammonia excretion but not specific dynamic action in 1+ brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis

“…Nevertheless, diets with higher lipid or carbohydrate levels should be considered to potentially enhance energy storage and reduce the waste of dietary protein. Sacobie et al (2016) found that lipid digestibility was unaffected by was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved.…”

Comparison of growth, carcass and meat quality characteristics of triploid and diploid Black Sea trout (Salmo trutta labrax) under laboratory conditions

“…A significant effect of triploidy on the fat contents of Black Sea trout was observed throughout the study, which is consistent with previous studies (Manor et al, 2012;Poontawee et al, 2007;Sacobie et al, 2015;Werner et al, 2008). Triploid Black Sea trout had significantly higher fat contents than diploid siblings, which is also in line with the results of previous studies (Aussanasuwannakul et al, 2011;Poontawee et al, 2007;Taylor et al, 2013).…”

“…Generally, triploids are expected to grow faster compared to their diploid siblings as they have more genes (33%), larger nuclei and cells size, and usually no energy allocation to developing gonads (Manor et al, 2012;Maxime, 2008). Despite these facts, several studies have reported lower growth rates of triploids than diploids (Cassani and Caton, 1986;Galbreath et al, 1994;McGeachy et al, 1995;Sacobie et al, 2015) or no significant differences in their growth rates (Kim et al, 1994;Hussain et al, 1995;McGeachy et al, 1996). However, this may not necessarily mean that triploids grow less efficiently than diploid as these studies raised both ploidy groups communally.…”

“…Since, triploids are generally less aggressive and outcompeted by their diploid counterparts for food (cited in Maxime, 2008) and these behavioural differences may lead to the lower growth rate of triploids than diploids siblings (Cassani and Caton, 1986;Lincoln and Bye, 1987). According to Sacobie et al, (2015) triploids may divert more of their digestible energy to cope with stress (Benfey, 1999;Fraser et al, 2012;Maxime, 2008) negatively affecting their overall growth.…”

Triploidy affects standard and postprandial metabolism in brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis

“…Nevertheless, diets with higher lipid or carbohydrate levels should be considered to potentially enhance energy storage and reduce the waste of dietary protein. Sacobie et al (2016) found that lipid digestibility was unaffected by ploidy in brook charr; these findings, in tandem with the current study, suggest that triploids may be better suited for high lipid diets.…”

Triploidy affects postprandial ammonia excretion but not specific dynamic action in 1+ brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis

“…Nevertheless, diets with higher lipid or carbohydrate levels should be considered to potentially enhance energy storage and reduce the waste of dietary protein. Sacobie et al (2016) found that lipid digestibility was unaffected by was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved.…”